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141.
In a first study 10 adults, aged 24-44 years, solved all 105 subtraction problems in the form M - N = , where 0 < or = M < or = 13, 0 < or = N < or = 13 and N < or = M. Each participant solved every problem 10 times and in total there were 10 500 answers. Answers, response latencies and errors were registered. Retrospective verbal reports were also given, indicating how a solution was reached: (1) via a (conscious) reconstructive cognitive process or (2) via an (unconscious) reproductive (retrieval) process. The participants made 291 errors (2.8%) when solving the subtractions in study 1. The rate of self-correction was very high, 92%. In a second study 27 undergraduate students estimated overall error rates, including self-corrected errors for the 105 subtraction problems used in the first study. Judged and actual error rates were compared. The participants systematically underestimated error rates for error prone problems and overestimated error rates for error free problems. The participants were fairly accurate when they predicted problems that were most error prone, with a hit rate of 0.67 for the (18) problems predicted as the most error prone ones. In contrast, predictions of which problems were error free were very poor with a hit rate of only 0.20 of the problems predicted as error free really having no errors in study 1. The correlation between judged error rates and frequencies for actually made errors was 0.69 for answers belonging to reconstructive solutions. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between judged and actual error rates at all for retrieved solutions, possibly reflecting the inaccessibility to consciousness of quick retrieval processes. 相似文献
142.
When there exist omitted effects, measurement error, and/or simultaneity in multilevel models, explanatory variables may be
correlated with random components, and standard estimation methods do not provide consistent estimates of model parameters.
This paper introduces estimators that are consistent under such conditions. By employing generalized method of moments (GMM)
estimation techniques in multilevel modeling, the authors present a series of estimators along a robust to efficient continuum.
This continuum depends on the assumptions that the analyst makes regarding the extent of the correlated effects. It is shown
that the GMM approach provides an overarching framework that encompasses well-known estimators such as fixed and random effects
estimators and also provides more options. These GMM estimators can be expressed as instrumental variable (IV) estimators
which enhances their interpretability. Moreover, by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the data, the current technique
does not require additional variables unlike traditional IV methods. Further, statistical tests are developed to compare the
different estimators. A simulation study examines the finite sample properties of the estimators and tests and confirms the
theoretical order of the estimators with respect to their robustness and efficiency. It further shows that not only are regression
coefficients biased, but variance components may be severely underestimated in the presence of correlated effects. Empirical
standard errors are employed as they are less sensitive to correlated effects when compared to model-based standard errors.
An example using student achievement data shows that GMM estimators can be effectively used in a search for the most efficient
among unbiased estimators.
This research was supported by the National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation and the National Science Foundation, grant
number SES-0436274. We thank the editor, associate editor, and referees for detailed feedback that helped improve the paper. 相似文献
143.
Pere J. Ferrando 《Psychometrika》2007,72(1):25-41
Using Lumsden’s Thurstonian fluctuation model as a starting point, this paper attempts to develop a unidimensional item response
theory model intended for binary personality items. Under some additional assumptions, a new model is obtained in which the
item characteristic curves are defined by a cumulative Pearson-Type-VII distribution, and the person response curves are two-parameter
normal ogives. Procedures for fitting the new model are proposed. Furthermore, the relations between individual fluctuation
and scalability are discussed, and a scalability index based on the new model is proposed. All the developments in this paper
are illustrated using two empirical examples. 相似文献
144.
注意在短时距估计中的作用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
注意一直是时间知觉研究的一个重要问题。本文综述了研究已经取得一些较为一致的结果:在双任务程序中对时间任务的注意越多,时距估计越准确;在单一任务中对目标刺激的时间属性注意越多,对该刺激的持续时距估计越准确;在时间导向任务中,个体可以有效地、主动把注意导向未来的某段时距,那么将对出现在那个时刻的刺激做出更好的反应。最后,讨论了现有研究中存在的、以及今后研究中需要着重考虑的问题。 相似文献
145.
We applied overlapping waves theory and microgenetic methods to examine how children improve their estimation proficiency, and in particular how they shift from reliance on immature to mature representations of numerical magnitude. We also tested the theoretical prediction that feedback on problems on which the discrepancy between two representations is greatest will cause the greatest representational change. Second graders who initially were assessed as relying on an immature representation were presented feedback that varied in degree of discrepancy between the predictions of the mature and immature representations. The most discrepant feedback produced the greatest representational change. The change was strikingly abrupt, often occurring after a single feedback trial, and impressively broad, affecting estimates over the entire range of numbers from 0 to 1000. The findings indicated that cognitive change can occur at the level of an entire representation, rather than always involving a sequence of local repairs. 相似文献
146.
147.
There is broad consensus that human cognition is adaptive. However, the vital question of how exactly this adaptivity is achieved has remained largely open. Herein, we contrast two frameworks which account for adaptive decision making, namely broad and general single-mechanism accounts vs. multi-strategy accounts. We propose and fully specify a single-mechanism model for decision making based on parallel constraint satisfaction processes (PCS-DM) and contrast it theoretically and empirically against a multi-strategy account. To achieve sufficiently sensitive tests, we rely on a multiple-measure methodology including choice, reaction time, and confidence data as well as eye-tracking. Results show that manipulating the environmental structure produces clear adaptive shifts in choice patterns – as both frameworks would predict. However, results on the process level (reaction time, confidence), in information acquisition (eye-tracking), and from cross-predicting choice consistently corroborate single-mechanisms accounts in general, and the proposed parallel constraint satisfaction model for decision making in particular. 相似文献
148.
Tom Loeys Catherine Legrand Antonio Schettino Gilles Pourtois 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2014,67(2):304-327
The semi‐parametric proportional hazards model with crossed random effects has two important characteristics: it avoids explicit specification of the response time distribution by using semi‐parametric models, and it captures heterogeneity that is due to subjects and items. The proposed model has a proportionality parameter for the speed of each test taker, for the time intensity of each item, and for subject or item characteristics of interest. It is shown how all these parameters can be estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo methods (Gibbs sampling). The performance of the estimation procedure is assessed with simulations and the model is further illustrated with the analysis of response times from a visual recognition task. 相似文献
149.
采用选择/无选法,以估算与精确心算为研究任务,考察了元认知监测与算术知识影响个体算术计算策略选择与执行的年龄相关差异。129名不同年龄儿童与成人被试参加实验。结果发现:(1)算术知识对儿童及成人的估算复杂策略有促进作用,并对提升他们心算策略运用的速度和减少错误有作用;(2)元认知监测显著影响儿童的估算策略选择,能够促进使用最佳策略;(3)算术知识在估算及心算策略执行的年龄差异方面起完全中介作用,元认知监测则在估算策略选择的年龄发展中起部分中介作用;(4)算术知识对元认知监测在估算及心算策略执行上的作用起完全中介作用,而对估算的策略选择则不存在中介作用,这表明元认知监测在估算策略选择上具有举足轻重的地位。 相似文献
150.
Jodi Price Lindsey M. Clement Barbara J. Wright 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2014,21(1):68-98
Numerosity estimation, the rapid assessment of the number of items in a visual scene, is historically inaccurate. We assessed whether providing feedback regarding the correct numerosity on either 0%, 50%, or 100% of the trials would affect younger and older adults’ estimation accuracy for randomized, clustered (i.e., groups of 3 or 7 dots), and stacked (i.e., column) dot formats. Participants provided estimates and confidence ratings in six blocks, each containing 48 trials (16 numerosities shown in each format). Feedback frequency was manipulated between participants during blocks 1–4; no feedback was provided during blocks 5 and 6, which contained old and new numerosities and previously estimated presentations rotated 90°. Estimation accuracy was age equivalent across blocks despite younger adults initially being more accurate than older adults. Feedback improved both age groups’ accuracy. Stacked presentations were most accurately estimated but were more likely to be over-estimated than clustered and randomized presentations. Older adults gave lower confidence ratings than younger adults despite both age groups showing increased confidence across blocks, for more structured presentation formats, and as feedback frequency increased. These results expand our understanding of the role of presentation format and feedback in producing age equivalence or age-related differences in numerosity estimation. 相似文献