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71.
Three hundred and fifty female high school students observed an outcome of a hypothetical interpersonal dyadic interaction. The outcome was either a suicide (serious outcome) or a half-hearted suicide attempt (less serious outcome). In one condition, one of the actors was presented as intentionally performing certain actions which he or she knew could cause the other actor to attempt or actually commit suicide. In the other condition, the perpetrator acted in an unintentional manner. Ss' identifications with either the victim or the perpetrator were also manipulated. Furthermore, Ss were independently classified as to whether they considered circumstances (C) or intentionality (I) as the important factor in attributing responsibility. C-attributers identifying with the victim assigned more responsibility to the perpetrator for the serious outcome. C-attributers identifying with the perpetrator assigned more responsibility to that perpetrator in the less serious condition. Predictions for I-attributers were also confirmed. 相似文献
72.
Rich deontic logic: a preliminary study 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mark A. Brown 《Journal of Applied Logic》2004,2(1):19
This paper begins the development of new types of deontic operators, particularly ones whose semantic characterization is based on models with forward-branching time. In such models, supplemented by a choice function to model human agency, and an obligation function to introduce normative features, it is possible to develop a rich language with a variety of obligation operators, differing from one another in how they relate to time, and to the causal conditions, the causal consequences, and the logical consequences of actions. We approach these concepts making extensive use of the notion of a transition, as introduced in [M. Xu, Synthese 112 (1997) 137]. 相似文献
73.
Transzendentalpragmatik und Diskursethik. Elemente und Perspektiven der Apelschen Diskursphilosophie
Dietrich Böhler 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2003,34(2):221-249
Transcendental Pragmatics and Discourse Ethics. Elements and Perspectives of Apel's Discourse-Philosophy. The author follows Apel's intellectual biography and shows the conception of a critique of meaning qua ‘reflection upon the discourse within the discourse’ to be the centre of Apel's language-pragmatic ‘Transformation of Philosophy’ (Frankfurt a.M. 1973). Beginning
with an explication of the situation of a speaker/thinker, especially of the situation of a philosophising speaker/thinker,
Apel reconstructs a two fold apriori of communication: Every thought is situated within the context of a particular, historically
evolved, community of language and interaction. At the same time, however, the validity-claims of thoughts transcend the context
of their origin towards an unlimited community of argumentation. On the basis of the first apriori Apel criticises the methodical
solipsism as well as the objectivism of modern philosophy and theory of science. Drawing upon the second apriori he develops
a universalist critique of meaning of relativism and contextualism. In the sixties and seventies Apel worked out a differentiated
theory of the – more or less – communicatively cognizing humanities and set it apart from the theory of the causal-explanatory
natural sciences, thus challenging the objectivism of a Theory of Unified Science. Building upon this work Transcendental
Pragmatics, as developed by Apel and others, sets philosophy primarily two tasks: firstly, a (fallible) internal reconstruction of argumentative discourse as the (logical) situation of speech and thought which seeks to elucidate the conditions of the
meaningfulness, i. e. the presuppositions, of discourse. These presuppositions comprise, thus Apel with Habermas, the four
validity-claims to intelligibility, sincerety/credibility, truth and normative rightness/legitimacy. Their moral content consists,
thus Apel, not only in the recognition of the equality of all beings capable of discursive reasoning but also in their recognition
of a co-responsibility for the realizability of discourses and of responsibility. The author argues that the existence of
a co-responsibility of this kind is indisputable because the discursive claims to validity are intertwined with a set of ‘primordial
promises of dialogue’. Only with the elucidation and explication of these promises can the reconstruction of the internal
conditions of discourse be completed.The second task of a pragmatics of argumentation isthe strict resp. actual reflection of the thinker upon the presuppositions of the discourse in which he currently engages. This reflection has a Socratic character
and can only be done in the form of discussion and debate (‘Auseinandersetzungen’, Apel, Frankfurt a.M. 1998) with critics
of the reconstruction. In this context, the author proposes a method of Socratic reflection upon the presuppositions of dialogue
which suspends the usual, theoretically oriented, attitude of the scientist and the philosopher in favour of an actual reflective attitude. Within a dialogue with a sceptic who doubts one of the results of the internal reconstruction of dialogical presuppositions,
say X, it is tested whether his doubt as to the unrestricted validity of X can be understood as a sincere contribution to
the current dialogue or whether this particular sceptical thesis does not make sense, because it is incompatible with the
role of a sincere participant of argumentation which, after all, the sceptic cannot refuse to claim for himself.Finally the
author explains Apel's characterization of the tension between “Discourse and Responsibility” (Frankfurt a.M. 1988). In the
course of discussions with Max Weber, Lawrence Kohlberg, Hans Jonas et al., Apel formulates and justifies an ethics of responsibility and gives an affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether
the fulfilment of the moral obligations connected with the recognition of co-responsibility can be demanded within the non-dialogical
circumstances of social reality. Apel's answer employs the idea of counter-strategies which are morally legitimate in virtue
of their being worthy of argumentative consensus.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
74.
Drina Candilis-Huisman 《International Forum of Psychoanalysis》2017,26(1):43-48
AbstractThis article offers a reflection on conception, pregnancy, and the first mother–infant relationships of mothers with motoric and sensory disabilities. Based on more than 13 years of experience with women with motoric and sensory disabilities who had a desire for a child, the author analyzes this unusual situation from three different points of view: the medical help to procreate, meeting a partner for the mother, and the link with the initial maternal family, i.e. the mother’s mother. The last part concerns the possibility of the development of a mother–infant relationship when bodily function is lacking. 相似文献
75.
Ulf Böckenholt 《Psychometrika》2006,71(4):615-629
Current psychometric models of choice behavior are strongly influenced by Thurstone’s (1927, 1931) experimental and statistical
work on measuring and scaling preferences. Aided by advances in computational techniques, choice models can now accommodate
a wide range of different data types and sources of preference variability among respondents induced by such diverse factors
as person-specific choice sets or different functional forms for the underlying utility representations. At the same time,
these models are increasingly challenged by behavioral work demonstrating the prevalence of choice behavior that is not consistent
with the underlying assumptions of these models. I discuss new modeling avenues that can account for such seemingly inconsistent
choice behavior and conclude by emphasizing the interdisciplinary frontiers in the study of choice behavior and the resulting
challenges for psychometricians.
The author would like to thank R. Darrell Bock whose work inspired many of the ideas presented here. The paper benefitted
from helpful comments by Albert Maydeu-Olivares and Rung-Ching Tsai. The reported research was supported in parts by the Social
Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 相似文献
76.
Susan Horton 《Applied research in quality of life》2006,1(3-4):315-322
Employee satisfaction surveys were examined for five universities in the US, UK and Canada, selected because they presented
results for faculty and other staff separately. Faculty consistently score more negatively on employee satisfaction across
a wide range of areas. The most negative responses are for areas such as personal/worklife balance, work demands/workload,
university direction, and whether the employee would choose to work at the same institution again/would recommend it for employment.
The results are consistent with previous studies which have shown that education level is negatively associated with job satisfaction.
The results suggest that university faculty have high aspirations, since in a number of indicators faculty working conditions
appear superior to those of staff (tenure; average income; sabbatical leaves; work control; involvement and consultation in
university decision-making), although junior faculty prior to tenure may experience more stress than staff. Employers undertaking
employee satisfaction surveys need to take into account systematic differences in aspirations among their employees, when
interpreting survey results. 相似文献
77.
The current study tested the reliability and generalizability of a narrative act-out false belief task held to reveal Theory of Mind (ToM) competence at 3 years of age, before children pass verbal standard false belief tasks (the “Duplo task”; Rubio-Fernández & Geurts, 2013, Psychological Science). We conducted the task across two labs with methodologically improved matched control conditions. Further, we administered an analogue intensionality version to assess the scope of ToM competence in the Duplo task. 72 3-year-olds participated in a Duplo change-of-location task, a Duplo intensionality task, and half of them in a matched verbal standard change-of-location task, receiving either false belief or matched true belief scenarios. Children performed at chance in the false belief Duplo location change and intensionality tasks as well as in the standard false belief task. There were no differences to the standard task, and performance correlated across all three false belief tasks, revealing a rather unified competence and no task advantage. In the true belief conditions of both Duplo tasks, children performed at ceiling and significantly different from the false belief conditions, while they were at chance in the true belief condition of the standard task. The latter indicates that a pragmatic advantage of the Duplo task compared to the standard task holds only for the true belief scenarios. Our study shows that the Duplo task measures the same ToM competence as the standard task and rejects a notion of earlier false belief understanding on the group level in 3-year-old children. 相似文献
78.
John Lemos 《Zygon》2002,37(4):789-801
In Michael Ruse's recent publications, such as Taking Darwin Seriously (1998) and Evolutionary Naturalism (1995), he has advocated a certain sort of evolutionary epistemology and has argued that it implies a rejection of metaphysical realism (MR) in favor of a position that he calls "internal realism" (IR). Additionally, he has maintained that, insofar as his evolutionary epistemology implies a rejection of MR in favor of IR, it escapes the kind of argument against naturalism that Alvin Plantinga makes in his Warrant and Proper Function (1993). In this article I explain the relevant views and arguments of Ruse and Plantinga, and I critically engage with Ruse's views, arguing that (1) his case for rejecting MR has no essential connection to evolutionary considerations; (2) his case for rejecting MR depends upon internalist assumptions about the nature of knowledge that are in need of some kind of defense; and (3) given his implicit internalism and his commitment to IR, his argument for rejecting MR can be used against his IR. 相似文献
79.
Bobby J. Calder C. Miguel Brendl Alice M. Tybout Brian Sternthal 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2021,31(1):188-208
Current research practices often conflate theoretical constructs and explanatory hypotheses with variables and predicted effects, to the detriment of research progress. This has led to the use of procedures such as manipulation checks, mediation analysis, and boundary conditions predicated on the idea that matching constructs to variables is necessary to validate that a theory corresponds to an effect . An alternative perspective, Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE), calls for designing research to exploit the power of distinguishing constructs from variables, hypotheses from predictions, and theory from effects. IBE calls for stating hypotheses (Hs) about construct‐to‐construct relationships and, separately, the predictions (Ps) about variable‐to‐variable effects that are explained by the hypotheses. In addition, articles should include disparate effects, a single explanation covering all studies, and a discussion of the use of the research in specific problem contexts. The application of IBE is illustrated with research investigating when judgments are based on a feeling about the ease of information retrieval versus the information content itself. 相似文献
80.
Marie McCann Carmela Pestell Catherine M. Hill Romola S. Bucks 《Child neuropsychology》2018,24(3):304-321
The objective of this study is to investigate whether sleep problems might account for the increased working memory deficits observed in school-aged children with neurological conditions. A novel, transdiagnostic approach to the investigation was chosen, and sleep is treated as a process that can potentially account for working memory difficulties across a range of neurological conditions. Prevalence estimates of sleep problems are also examined. Archival data of 237 children aged 6 to 11 years were collected from a Western Australian statewide neuropsychological service for the period 26 July 2011 to 14 January 2014. Measures of parent-reported sleep quality, snoring, and daytime sleepiness were obtained, in addition to objective measures of verbal and spatial working memory, storage capacity, and processing speed. The results of the data analysis reveal that over one third of participants reported having clinically-significant levels of sleep problems and that poor sleep quality is significantly associated with verbal working memory difficulties. This association remains after partialling out the variance contributed to performance by storage capacity and processing speed, suggesting that sleep is impacting upon an executive component of working memory. No other significant associations are observed. The results suggest that poor sleep quality is associated with an executive component of verbal (rather than spatial) working memory in children with neurological conditions. This has implications for the biological mechanisms thought to underlie the relationship between sleep and cognition in children. The results also demonstrate the clinical utility of a transdiagnostic approach when investigating sleep and cognition in children with neurological conditions. 相似文献