试论研究生德育的当务之急

诚信危机已渗透到了学术研究领域 ,并对研究生德育提出了严峻的挑战。标举学术责任 ,确保学术诚信 ,是研究生德育的当务之急。为此 ,研究生德育必须 :坚守学术宽容 ,营造学术诚信的学术环境 ;强化学术引导 ,建立学术诚信的学术航标 ;优化制度约束机制 ,创设学术诚信的学术平台 ;培养研究生的道德自律 ,塑造学术诚信的学术人格。     

SCIENCE AND THE FORTUNES OF NATURAL THEOLOGY: SOME HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Abstract. The object is to examine strategies commonly used to heighten a sense of the sacred in nature. It is argued that moves designed to reinforce a concept of Providence have been the very ones to release new opportunities for secular readings. Several case studies reveal this fluidity across a sacred-secular divide. The irony whereby sacred readings of nature would graduate into the secular is also shown to operate in reverse as anti-providentialist strategies invited their own refutation. The analysis is used to support the claim that the sciences have put fewer constraints on religious belief than is generally assumed.     

Perception of symmetry in infancy: the salience of vertical symmetry and the perception of pattern wholes

Four experiments were conducted to assess converging aspects of 4-month-old infants' perception of symmetry in visual patterns. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the structure and orientation of comparable patterns in order to evaluate the specialty of vertical symmetry. Infants showed no preference among vertically symmetrical, vertically repeated, and obliquely symmetrical patterns, but they processed vertically symmetrical patterns more efficiently than either vertically repeated patterns or obliquely symmetrical patterns. Experiment 3 manipulated the spatial separation of pattern components in order to determine the ability of young infants to integrate and coalesce information in visual patterns that is distributed in space. Infants processed vertically symmetrical patterns whose components were contiguous or nearly contiguous about the vertical axis (0 to 2.5 degrees separations) more efficiently than discontiguous patterns (5 and 10 degrees separations). Thus, extreme spatial separation about the vertical meridian caused infants to lose the advantage for vertical symmetry, and by inference their holistic perception of the visual pattern. Experiment 4 manipulated the organization of individual components of a vertical pattern in order to examine further infants' sensitivity to perceptual organization and synthesis of pattern form. Infants discriminated vertically symmetrical patterns from asymmetrical patterns with a vertical organization, thereby demonstrating sensitivity to the symmetrical organization of the pattern above their perception of components in the pattern. The results of these four experiments together corroborate and extend previous findings that vertical symmetry has a special status in early perceptual development and that infants can perceive pattern wholes.     

Love and Justice: a Paradox?

Three claims about love and justice cannot be simultaneously true and therefore entail a paradox: (1) Love is a matter of justice. (2) There cannot be a duty to love. (3) All matters of justice are matters of duty. The first claim is more controversial. To defend it, I show why the extent to which we enjoy the good of love is relevant to distributive justice. To defend (2) I explain the empirical, conceptual and axiological arguments in its favour. Although (3) is the most generally endorsed claim of the three, I conclude we should reject it in order to avoid the paradox.     

论医学中商业贿赂的概念和伦理问题

讨论医学中商业贿赂的概念和伦理问题。在讨论概念问题时,首先厘清什么是贿赂及医学中的商业贿赂,以及贿赂与其他不当行为的区别。所讨论的伦理问题包括:为什么在医学中贿赂在伦理学上得不到辩护,以及分析这种不合伦理的行为为什么会发生及可能的防治办法。     

Rejecting the Urge to Theorise in Fallacy Inquiry

In this paper, I examine the incessant call to theory that is evident in fallacy inquiry. I relate the motivations for this call to a desire to attain for fallacy inquiry certain attributes of the theoretical process in scientific inquiry. I argue that these same attributes, when pursued in the context of philosophical inquiry in general and fallacy inquiry in particular, lead to the assumption of a metaphysical standpoint. This standpoint, I contend, is generative of unintelligibility in philosophical discussions of rationality. I claim that this same unintelligibility can be shown to characterise fallacy inquiry, an example of the study of argumentative rationality. The context for my claim is an examination of the theoretical pronouncements of two prominent fallacy theorists, John Woods and Douglas Walton, in relation to the argument from ignorance fallacy. My conclusion takes the form of guidelines for the post-theoretical pursuit of fallacy inquiry.     

失败恐惧对大学生失败学习的影响：一个有调节的中介模型

基于保护动机理论,将经历失败事件的596名大学生作为研究对象,探讨失败恐惧对大学生失败学习的影响机制,分析保护性努力的中介效应与应对导向的调节效应。研究发现：（1）失败恐惧显著正向预测大学生失败学习;（2）保护性努力在失败恐惧与大学生失败学习间起部分中介效应;（3）应对导向在失败恐惧与保护性努力的关系中起调节效应,应对导向越高的大学生,其失败恐惧对保护性努力的正向影响越大。     

面孔—人格知觉的影响因素

人们会迅速地对目标人物的面孔线索进行人格特质分析,进而形成对目标的人格第一印象。在这个面孔—人格知觉的过程中,知觉结果会受到知觉对象、知觉者以及两者交互作用的影响。本文基于这三个方面对影响面孔—人格知觉的因素进行了综述和展望,以期更系统、科学地研究与看待面孔—人格知觉,并为人际印象设计与管理等提供理论参考。     

Comparing detailed and less detailed pre-lineup instructions

It is generally agreed that proper pre-lineup instructions can reduce the rate of mistaken identifications of innocent suspects. However, the exact nature of these instructions has not been empirically established. We compared the effects of the detailed pre-lineup instructions recommended by the US Department of Justice to a simple instruction that the perpetrator may or may not be present. Both forms of unbiased instructions significantly reduced mistaken identifications when compared with biased instructions. Comparison of performance using the utility-based analysis deviation from perfect performance demonstrated that unbiased instructions are to be preferred under assumptions of low base rates or high costs of mistaken identifications and do as well as biased instructions under assumptions of high base rates or low cost of misidentification.     

Rules for Reasoning from Knowledge and Lack of Knowledge

In this paper, the traditional view that argumentum ad ignorantiam is a logical fallacy is challenged, and lessons are drawn on how to model inferences drawn from knowledge in combination with ones drawn from lack of knowledge. Five defeasible rules for evaluating knowledge-based arguments that apply to inferences drawn under conditions of lack of knowledge are formulated. They are the veridicality rule, the consistency of knowledge rule, the closure of knowledge rule, the rule of refutation and the rule for argument from ignorance. The basic thesis of the paper is that knowledge-based arguments, including the argument from ignorance, need to be evaluated by criteria for epistemic closure and other evidential rules that are pragmatic in nature, that need to be formulated and applied differently at different stages of an investigation or discussion. The paper helps us to understand practical criteria that should be used to evaluate all arguments based on knowledge and/or ignorance.