Co-occurring motor,language and emotional–behavioral problems in children 3–6 years of age

PurposeDevelopmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) has been shown to co-occur with behavioral and language problems in school-aged children, but little is known as to when these problems begin to emerge, or if they are inherent in children with DCD. The purpose of this study was to determine if deficits in language and emotional–behavioral problems are apparent in preschool-aged children with movement difficulties.MethodTwo hundred and fourteen children (mean age 4 years 11 months, SD 9.8 months, 103 male) performed the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd Edition (MABC-2). Children falling at or below the 16th percentile were classified as being at risk for movement difficulties (MD risk). Auditory comprehension and expressive communication were examined using the Preschool Language Scales 4th Edition (PLS-4). Parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).ResultsPreschool children with diminished motor coordination (n = 37) were found to have lower language scores, higher externalizing behaviors in the form of increased aggression, as well as increased withdrawn and other behavior symptoms compared with their typically developing peers.ConclusionsMotor coordination, language and emotional–behavioral difficulties tend to co-occur in young children aged 3–6 years. These results highlight the need for early intervention.     

Exercise can improve physical self perceptions in adolescents with low motor competence

Adolescents with low motor competence have diminished perceptions of their physical self and tend to avoid physical activities. This study examined the outcomes of an exercise intervention that focused on improving aerobic fitness, strength, and self-perceptions in the physical domain in adolescents with poor motor coordination. The sample included 35 adolescents with low motor competence, comprising boys (n = 25) and girls (n = 10) ranging in age from 13 to 17 years, who attended two sessions per week in the 13 week exercise intervention study (AMP it up). Physical self-perceptions were measured before and after the intervention using the Physical Self Perception Profile and Perceived Importance Profile. Significant improvements in perceived Physical Condition, Attractive Body and Physical Strength sub domain scores were identified between pre and post-test. Adjusting for age, gender, BMI and attendance, regression analyses revealed that Attractive Body was the strongest predictor of Physical Self Worth at pre-test, joined by Physical Condition at post-test. This exercise intervention had a positive impact on adolescent physical self-perceptions, in particular males, with improvements in those sub domains specifically related to the exercise program. Changes in specific aspects of Physical Self Worth can be facilitated by exercise interventions, after a relatively short period of time, in adolescents with poor motor coordination.     

基于叙事医学“细读”方法探讨中医医案叙事分析方法

医案作为叙事文本,可进行故事分析与叙事分析。叙事分析结果能够完善故事分析结果。叙事医学提出的细读方法是医学叙事分析方法的集大成者。为增加医案研读结果的完整度,借鉴叙事医学的细读方法,提出了分析医案“框架”、“形式”、“时间”、“情节”、“意愿”的方法,介绍了时间性、独特性、因果关系/偶然性、伦理性、主体间性特征等叙事医学概念对医案分析需求的启发。为了便于记录与规范医案叙事分析的过程,设计了医案叙事分析表。本研究丰富了医案研究方法,扩大了叙事医学细读方法的运用范围。     

创伤后应激障碍与物质使用障碍共病的病因学及其启示

创伤后应激障碍与物质使用障碍共病率高,现有的治疗方法疗效差,总结20年来创伤后应激障碍与物质使用障碍共病研究中病因学方面的新认识,通过对病因的哲学思考可以为今后的治疗方向提供一条思路:两病同治;应提倡药物治疗、认知干预和社会支持综合的治疗手段。     

青少年精神障碍者日常生活实践的失序与重塑

以日常生活世界为分析视角,通过半结构式访谈的方法收集资料,深描曾患精神障碍青少年的日常生活实践,发现他们要面对生活的失序,包括带病生活日常化、家庭系统受损和社会失能与污名等生物性与社会性的困境叠加,揭示了对精神障碍群体的排斥从制度文化延伸到了日常生活。同时,精神障碍青少年通过个体的韧性坚持、家庭关怀保护、社会链接赋能等策略“正常化”生命历程,实现主体性重塑。最后提出利用自我决定、社会关系协调等优势视角帮助青少年精神障碍者重整日常生活实践。

     

注意缺陷多动障碍的研究与治疗

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的发病群体多为5岁以后的儿童,主要临床表现是多动、冲动,注意力无法集中,对一项任务不能够有规划进行下去,而且脾气暴躁、易怒。近年来,心理学界、神经科学界和教育学界等对ADHD的研究取得了很多进展。本文概括性地介绍了ADHD病症的基本特征,目前对于患者脑机制损害的研究,并从药理学和行为学等方面讨论了ADHD的治疗方法和手段。     

阅读过程中眼动特征的发展研究

对国内外有关阅读过程中眼动特征的发展研究进行了综述。国外在该领域的研究大致经历了三个阶段,而国内的有关研究虽然起步较晚,但却取得了不少研究成果,对相关内各进行了扼要的介绍,最后作者对阅读过程眼动特征的发展研究发表了自己的看法。     

语音回路与阅读理解关系的眼动研究

语音回路是工作记忆中的一个重要成分。由于工作记忆在言语理解中有重要作用,所以负责加工语音信息的语音回路可能也和阅读理解有密切关系。但是,迄今为止直接研究语音回路影响阅读理解的研究不是很多,而且得出的结论也不太一致。研究使用眼动分析方法探讨语音回路与汉语阅读理解的关系。研究采用抑制发音和错误干扰相结合的范式考查正常条件下和抑制发音条件下的阅读特点的差别性。结果表明：（1）在一般阅读难度情况下,语音回路会延缓阅读速度;（2）两种阅读条件下都出现了同音效应,即同音字的首次注视时间、总注视时间都比非同音字短;（3）语音在汉语阅读的早期就发挥了作用,而且同音字错误比非同音字错误更容易被恢复     

Childhood Peer Relationship Problems and Young People's Involvement with Deviant Peers in Adolescence

Using prospective longitudinal data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, this article examined the relationship between children's peer relationship problems in middle childhood and their subsequent risk of forming deviant peer affiliations in adolescence. The analysis proceeded in three steps. First, a structural equation model demonstrated a moderate association between early peer relationship problems and later deviant peer affiliations (r = .27). Second, the model was extended to include a latent variable measure of early conduct problems. This analysis revealed that when the confounding effects of concurrently measured conduct problems were taken into account, peer relationship problems in middle childhood were no longer significantly related to young people's choice of deviant peers in adolescence. Third, the model was further extended to include lagged variables, permitting an examination of possible reciprocal relationships between early conduct problems and peer relationship problems. Results suggested that both early peer relationship problems and adolescent deviant peer involvement are symptomatic of early child behavioral adjustment. The implications of these findings for explanations of deviant peer selection are discussed.     

汉语阅读困难儿童认知特征研究

为了解汉语阅读困难者的认知特征,本研究从９６７名５年级１１－１３岁学生中抽取了１１８名被试,将他们分成困难组（包括截点组和低成就组）和对照组,并将其在词语理解等８个认知变量上进行了比较。结果表明,图形记忆与加工能力及对词语和一般信息理解能力的缺损是汉语阅读困难者主要的认知特征。研究还表明,一般信息理解能力发展水平是区分一般阅读落后和特殊阅读落后的一个指标。