5～16岁儿童对中国人形象的评价与喜好研究

采用个别访谈和问卷法,调查531名5—16岁中国儿童心目中的“中国人”形象以及儿童对中国人身份的喜欢程度和发展趋势。结果表明：(1)总体而言,被调查的5—16岁中国儿童对中国人持积极评价,对自己是一名中国人有积极的情感体验。(2)不同年龄的儿童对中国人形象的积极评价先上升后下降,随后有所回升,其中9—10岁儿童的评价最为积极。(3)儿童对中国人身份的喜欢程度随年龄的增长而下降。(4)对5—10岁的年幼儿童来说,对中国人的评价与喜欢成为中国人的关系不大,11—16岁的年长儿童则能更加紧密地联系两者。     

汉语加工脑神经机制研究的新进展

随着脑科学研究手段的改进．人们对汉语加工的脑神经机制有了更多、更深入的了解。大量研究表明,汉语加工有不同于拼音语言加工的脑机制,在加工汉语时．激活的脑区和在加工拼音语言时激活的脑区不同．母语为汉语的人和母语为拼音语言的人在脑的形态结构上也存在显著差异。对汉语加工脑机制的研究有利于对音素和音节加工的皮层表征的分离,有助于揭示语言加工脑机制的普遍性和特殊性。     

脑功能磁共振伦理学问题初探

本文概略介绍新兴的脑功能磁共振检查原理及其对人脑运作机制、人类精神活动的研究。讨论脑功能磁共振的临床技术是否完善、现阶段普及该技术是否可能和必要,以及进行脑功能磁共振检查可能引发的隐私权、歧视等伦理学问题,并探讨解决之道。     

天水“卦台山”与伏羲易学文化——从人文地理学和民俗学视角的探讨

天水市三阳川的卦台山是伏羲“仰观俯察”观物取象(则之)和创造原始易学的历史缩影.由于后人的不断附会,卦台山被人格化,周围的山、水和村庄被赋予了生命,三阳川卦台山下的十二村庄和二十四个自然村也被喻为十二生肖和二十四节气,从而构成了一幅美妙的原始天象(文)图.《周易》作为中华民族的源头文化,在天水时空上的重合,表明《周易·系辞下》所说伏羲”仰观天文,俯察地理”而画八卦的描述以及史书记载的伏羲诞生于成纪(天水)并不是空穴来风,应该是历史因子、口传史和实物的契合.     

Predicting Election Outcomes from Positive and Negative Trait Assessments of Candidate Images

Conventional wisdom, and a growing body of behavioral research, suggests that the nonverbal image of a candidate influences voter decision making. We presented subjects with images of political candidates and asked them to make four trait judgments based solely on viewing the photographs. Subjects were asked which of the two faces exhibited more competence, attractiveness, deceitfulness, and threat, which are arguably four of the most salient attributes that can be conveyed by faces. When we compared our subjects' choices to the actual election outcomes, we found that the candidates chosen as more likely to physically threaten the subjects actually lost 65% of the real elections. As expected, our findings support the conclusions of Todorov, Mandisodza, Goren, and Hall (2005 ) by showing a positive correlation between the competence judgments and the real election outcomes. Surprisingly, attractiveness was correlated with losing elections, with the effect being driven by faces of candidates who looked politically incompetent yet personally attractive. Our findings have implications for future research on negative political communication, as they suggest that both threatening first impressions and fleeting impressions of attractiveness can harm a candidate's electoral chances.     

Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence

Recent structural and functional imaging studies have provided evidence for continued development of brain regions involved in social cognition during adolescence. In this paper, we review this rapidly expanding area of neuroscience and describe models of neurocognitive development that have emerged recently. One implication of these models is that neural development underlies commonly observed adolescent phenomena such as susceptibility to peer influence and sensitivity to peer rejection. Experimental behavioural evidence of rejection sensitivity in adolescence is currently sparse. Here, we describe a study that directly compared the affective consequences of an experimental ostracism manipulation (Cyberball) in female adolescents and adults. The ostracism condition led to significantly greater affective consequences in the adolescents compared with adults. This suggests that the ability to regulate distress resulting from ostracism continues to develop between adolescence and adulthood. The results are discussed in the context of models of neurocognitive development.     

创造力的脑结构与脑功能基础

从脑结构和脑功能两方面对创造力的脑神经基础进行了评述。就创造力的脑结构而言,尸体脑解剖研究表明创造力可能与顶叶与角回有关;活体脑结构成像研究则显示,创造力主要与额叶、扣带回以及皮下白质或灰质浓度有关。就创造力的脑功能而言,任务取向研究表明创造力任务主要激活了额叶和顶叶及少数其他皮层区域;而个体差异取向研究则表明创造力被试激活了右侧额叶、大脑皮层以及小脑的某些区域。未来研究需在加强脑结构影像研究基础上,注重从被试抽样和筛选等方面细化任务模式和个体差异模式的创造力研究,以获得更一致的结果。     

PASS理论语境中的认知过程(英文)

计划-注意-同时性加工-继时性加工,这些基本PASS概念的提出,是为了给传统上将智力作为一个笼统构念的做法提供某种替代的选择。在这一新的理论途径中,我将一般能力分解为对主要认知过程的研究,其中每个认知过程均有其行为、认知和神经心理成分,而且重要的是,每个认知过程均有相应的一组评估测量任务。PASS模型,这一理论框架能够充分包容体现于教育和组织行为中的广泛一系列认知功能。     

审美的神经机制

审美能力是人类独有的高级功能。本文介绍了审美的认知神经模型, 以及相关研究的实验范式, 对各种刺激材料和任务进行了评价。回顾了近年来脑成像研究的主要进展, ERP和MEG研究证明审美包含发生在不同时段的不同加工阶段, 与审美判断相关的ERP成分为300~400 ms 额中部负成分和440~880 ms 头皮后部晚期正成分。fMRI研究发现与审美相关的主要脑区包括尾状核、框额部皮质和扣带前回。未来研究应进一步区分审美的不同方面的神经机制之间的差别, 扩大刺激材料范围, 更深入地探讨复杂因素, 如文化因素对审美神经机制的影响。     

想象未来的认知加工成分及其脑网络

合理预期和想象未来事件或场景, 有利于个体做出适应性反应, 促进生存与发展。近年来, 研究者对想象未来的认知加工成分和神经机制进行了深入探讨, 提出了想象未来的相关概念和理论。我们首先概述了想象未来实验常用的思维采样范式和词语-线索范式, 接着介绍了想象未来的自我参照加工、心理场景构建等认知加工成分。此外, 特别介绍了想象未来的默认网络模型以及与之相关的其他大尺度脑网络, 并进一步提出了想象未来的脑网络研究框架。未来的研究可从想象未来的动态脑网络、复杂脑网络以及与疾病的关系等角度入手, 深入探究想象未来的神经机制。