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101.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy is allowing increasing numbers of adults to age with HIV. The neuropsychological effects
of aging with HIV are reviewed through three types of studies. First, the separate effects of HIV and aging on cognition are
examined in studies that compare younger adults with HIV with neurologically normal older adults. Second, studies examine
the impact of aging within samples of adults with HIV only. Third, providing the most critical evidence, are studies that
assess cognition in younger and older adults with HIV relative to younger and older adults without HIV. In general research
findings are inconclusive. Large individual differences among older adults with HIV as well as co-factors (APOE4 and detectable
viral load) may account for inconsistent findings in the literature. A subgroup of older adults with HIV may be at greater
risk for cognitive impairment, especially in attention functioning. 相似文献
102.
Ashley A. Gorman Jessica M. Foley Mark L. Ettenhofer Charles H. Hinkin Wilfred G. van Gorp 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(2):186-203
This review focuses on the “real world” implications of infection with HIV/AIDS from a neuropsychological perspective. Relevant
literature is reviewed which examines the relationships between HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment and employment,
driving, medication adherence, mood, fatigue, and interpersonal functioning. Specifically, the relative contributions of medical,
cognitive, psychosocial, and psychiatric issues on whether someone with HIV/AIDS will be able to return to work, adhere to
a complicated medication regimen, or safely drive a vehicle will be discussed. Methodological issues that arise in the context
of measuring medication adherence or driving capacity are also explored. Finally, the impact of HIV/AIDS on mood state, fatigue,
and interpersonal relationships are addressed, with particular emphasis on how these variables interact with cognition and
independent functioning. The purpose of this review is to integrate neuropsychological findings with their real world correlates
of functional behavior in the HIV/AIDS population. 相似文献
103.
104.
Robert A. Babcock Beth Sulzer-Azaroff Mary Sanderson John Scibak 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1992,25(3):621-627
This study established regular implementation of a simple feedback procedure by supervisory nurses with their assistants at a head-injury treatment center. Five nurses were trained to distribute brief written comments to their assistants about infection-control practices, including using gloves to avoid contact with body fluids. Following low rates of written feedback, nurses met with the trainer weekly to set goals for using the system, to review feedback rates, and to examine contingent letters of appreciation. Written feedback increased from 0.09 to 0.58 per day. When outcome data on glove use were subsequently added to the feedback provided to nurses, nurses' feedback on glove use increased and overall glove use by assistants increased by 36.7% for 66.7% of assistants who responded to feedback. Assistants rated feedback as highly accurate and indicated some interest in receiving future feedback. However, nurses and assistants expressed a preference for oral over written feedback. 相似文献
105.
Self-appraisal, coping efforts, muscle function, and activity and severity of disease were examined in out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthrosis or diabetes mellitus. Factor analysis of a 31-item self-appraisal and coping questionnaire yielded eight factors (self-appraisal, acceptance, minimization, planful problem-solving, avoidance, persistence, attribution of responsibility, and support seeking). For the factors of avoidance, minimization, and persistence, as well as for measures of activity and severity of disease, significant differences between the diagnostic groups were found. For patients with rheumatic arthritis, hierarchical regression analysis indicated disease duration to be associated with acceptance and with attribution of responsibility, and disability measures to be associated with self-appraisal. For patients with osteoarthrosis, they showed disability in muscle function to be associated with avoidance, and more negative self-appraisal as well as lower levels of support seeking to be associated with long disease duration. Results are discussed in terms of structural and adaptive defence forms and of adherence to a coping model ("medical model") which tends to foster acceptance and dependency. 相似文献
106.
107.
The ethical issues in conducting research on preventing HIV infection are among the most complex of any area of human subjects
research. This article is an update of a 1987 article that addressed potential conflicts between research design and ethics
with respect to AIDS prevention among injecting drug users. The present article reviews current ethical issues that arise
in the design and conduct of HIV/AIDS prevention research focused on injecting drug users.
Disclaimer: The content of this publication is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent
the views of the Beth Israel Medical Center or Johns Hopkins University. 相似文献
108.
Adolescent AIDS Prevention in Context: The Impact of Peer Educator Qualities and Classroom Environments on Intervention Efficacy 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Emily J. Ozer Rhona S. Weinstein Christina Maslach David Siegel 《American journal of community psychology》1997,25(3):289-323
Peer-led, school-based interventions show promise for preventing AIDS among adolescents, but little is known about the processes underlying effective peer education or the conditions that promote its efficacy. This study examined the implementation in one school of an effective, peer-led AIDS prevention program for inner-city 7th-grade participants (n = 123) and identified the qualities of peer educators (n = 15) and classroom environments (n = 5) that contributed to improvement in participants' postintervention AIDS-related attitudes. The Peer Educator Rating Scale was developed to assess two dimensions of participants' perceptions of peer educators: positive regard and perceived similarity. Participants reported greater positive regard for more highly individuated and less shy peer educators, and participants' positive regard for peer educators in turn was associated with lowered AIDS risk as measured by perceptions of peer norms regarding sexual activity and self-efficacy for peer communication regarding sexual topics and condoms. Participants' perceived similarity was not associated with any postintervention improvements in AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes. Participants' classroom membership was associated with improvements in all 5 knowledge and attitude scales, and exploratory classroom-level findings indicated that classroom intervention environments perceived as more organized by participants showed slightly greater overall improvements across AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes scales. Consistent with individual-level findings regarding participants' positive regard for peer educators, the two classrooms with the greatest positive regard for their peer educator teams showed the most student improvement. Implications for further research and the design of future prevention and promotion programs for adolescents are discussed. 相似文献
109.
On a ward for 24 psychogeriatric patients, 18 were randomly assigned to three groups with different experimental conditions. The first group was prompted and reinforced for different activities; the second was only prompted; and the third served as a control group. Activities, both the trained ones and others, were continuously monitored throughout the five week study. The results showed a clear increase in the trained activities after training. The prompting condition was effective, and the addition of reinforcement did not add any to the effects. There was no generalization to untrained activities, and the effects did not last at the 1 hr or 21 hr assessments, but was clearly visible at 5 min after training. Time seemed to be more important than place, i.e. the effect ceased with elapsed time, not because of changes in the situation. 相似文献
110.
In order to examine therapists' discriminative responding to normal and idiosyncratic patient responses, naive subjects were presented with a simulated “patient” for treatment. The subjects were made to believe they were reinforcing normal verbalizations emitted by this patient In fact, they were listening to a tape on which normal and idiosyncratic verbalizations had been recorded. Different probabilities of normal and idiosyncratic “patient” verbalizations could be presented to the subjects by means of a digital programming unit. In one of a number of conditions, the subjects' accurate reinforcing responses were followed by an increased probability of the patient's normal verbalizations. Accurate reinforcing responses emitted by the subjects were brought under the control of normal and idiosyncratic patient responses, by use of contingent feedback, change in patient responding, and monetary reinforcers. When the patient's normal verbalizations increased in probability, so did the subjects' accurate reinforcing responses following the patient's normal verbalizations, and to a lesser degree, the subjects' inaccurate reinforcing responses following the patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations. When the patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations increased in probability, the subjects' accurate and inaccurate reinforcing responses decreased in probability. The clinical implications of these tendencies are discussed. 相似文献