Daniel Kahneman与行为经济学

主要介绍诺贝尔奖得主Daniel Kahneman在行为经济学领域的主要贡献。传统经济学和心理学在对决策过程的研究上存在基本假设上的区别,Kahneman等人从心理学研究基础上开创的展望理论是行为经济学的理论基石。展望理论相对于预期效用理论更准确地描绘了决策人在风险下的决策行为,为将来经济学的理论和实证研究打下了坚实的基础。     

Cultural differences in self-verification: The role of naïve dialecticism

This research presents the first evidence of cultural differences in self-verification and the role of naïve dialecticism in mediating these differences. Chinese, Asian-American, and non-Asian American students completed a series of personality tests, and were presented with bogus feedback that was either self-consistent or self-discrepant, and either positive or negative. Whereas non-Asians self-verified (i.e., tended to exhibit resistance), mainland Chinese and Asian-American participants tended to adjust their self-views when they received (either positive or negative) feedback that contradicted their prevailing self-conceptions. Mediated moderation analyses showed that naïve dialecticism, mediated cultural differences in self-verification.     

幽门螺杆菌cagA基因多态性对临床结局的影响：东亚菌株和西方菌株

CagA蛋白是幽门螺杆菌最重要的毒力因子之一。目前已证实cagA基因存在东亚及西方两种亚型。幽门螺杆菌产生CagA蛋白,注入胃上皮细胞后在其羧基端EPIYA重复序列区进行酪氨酸磷酸化,进而与SHP-2酪氨酸磷酸化酶相互作用,参与上皮细胞的信号传导,导致细胞骨架结构的重排,引起细胞表面形状的改变和细胞动力的增强,造成细胞异常的增殖和运动,在胃癌的发生中起了主要作用。cagA基因的羧基端EPIYA重复序列被认为是区分东亚型和西方型菌株的分子标记,东亚型CagA与SHP-2亲和力大于西方型,最终影响着不同CagA 菌株感染的临床表现。     

How is performance limited: Testing the notion of central capacity

Two-dimensional pursuit tracking task was employed in three experiments designed to test three predictions of the central capacity model of performance limitations under time-sharing conditions. These are the predicted effects of change in task difficulty, task emphasis and their interaction. Each of simultaneously performed tracking dimensions (horizontal and vertical) was treated as a separate task and manipulated independently. Tracking difficulty on each dimension and their relative emphasis were jointly manipulated. When frequency or velocity of target movement served as difficulty parameters, and control complexity was relatively low, tradeoffs between dimensions in different priority conditions were small and task difficulty had no effect on the performance of the concurrent task, neither did it interact with task emphasis. When control complexity was increased and in addition was manipulated as the difficulty parameter, linear tradeoff was observed and difficulty seemed to interact with task emphasis. These results cannot be easily accommodated within a strict central capacity model. An alternative interpretation based on a multiple capacity approach is outlined.     

Response suppression to a distressed conspecific: Are laboratory rats altruistic?

Several studies provide evidence that laboratory rats respond to another rat in distress. Two experiments were conducted to determine why. Two general classes of motivation were considered: social and nonsocial. Social-motivation explanations suggest that rats respond because they are concerned about reducing the other rat's distress. This would seem to imply at least the rudiments of altruism. Nonsocial explanations suggest that the response to another rat's distress is not different from the response to one or more inanimate stimuli. Results of the two experiments provided evidence for two nonsocial explanations, sensitization and conditioning. They provided no clear evidence for either innate or acquired social concern. These results suggest that when laboratory rats help a distressed companion, it is not because of altruistic concern for the other; their concern is for themselves.     

Of Power and Compassion

Abstract: While military and economic power are obviously central instruments of policy in international relations, there are a number of reasons why power alone is insufficient to succeed in fighting terrorism. Three central reasons are discussed in this essay: the limitations and the dilemma of power; the proposition that the most threatening form of terrorism, such as al‐Qaeda's, is conducted by nonstate actors, conventional deterrence against whom is less effective; and the role of motivation in conflicts where the distribution of power is asymmetrical. In addition to these objective reasons, it is argued that the foreign‐policy strategies pursued ultimately affect the actors' own values.