Relations between vocabulary development and verbal short-term memory: The relative importance of short-term memory for serial order and item information

Although many studies have shown an association between verbal short-term memory (STM) and vocabulary development, the precise nature of this association is not yet clear. The current study reexamined this relation in 4- to 6-year-olds by designing verbal STM tasks that maximized memory for either item or serial order information. Although empirical data suggest that distinct STM processes determine item and serial order recall, these were generally confounded in previous developmental studies. We observed that item and order memory tasks were independently related to vocabulary development. Furthermore, vocabulary development was more strongly associated with STM for order information in 4- and 6-year-olds and with STM for item information in 5-year-olds. These data highlight the specificity of verbal STM for serial order and item information and suggest a causal association between order STM processes and vocabulary development, at least in 4- and 6-year-olds.     

Amplitude and target diameter in motor programming of discrete, rapid aimed movements: Fitts and Peterson (1964) and Klapp (1975) revisited

The reports by Fitts and Peterson [J. Exp. Psychol. 67(2) (1964) 103-113] and Klapp [J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 104(2) (1975) 147-153] concerning the effects of movement amplitude and target diameter on reaction time present conflicting results. Fitts and Peterson reported that reaction time increased when movement amplitude was lengthened. Klapp reported an interaction in which target diameter effect on reaction time was moderated by movement length: for small targets, reaction time decreased with increasing movement length but reaction time remained unchanged (or increased modestly) when target diameter was large. Two experiments were conducted to replicate and examine the inconsistency in the reaction time results. For both experiments movement time results were in agreement with the predictions of Fitts' law. However, the results for reaction time were mixed: support was obtained for Klapp (1975) but not for Fitts and Peterson (1964). Further analysis identified several potential variables that could have influenced reaction time and explained the different effects on reaction time reported by Fitts and Peterson (1964) and Klapp (1975). The potential variables could include: limb posture at the start of a response; number of limb segments required to perform the task; and the effect of pooling reaction time data from targets located right and left of the start point, and from near and far targets.     

从"载营魄抱一"看逍遥境界与成仙信仰

中国古代道家(教)常常或隐或显地体现出对内体的肯定甚至眷恋。本文从中国古代的魂魄二元灵魂观入手考察其身体观及对灵肉关系的看法,并选取《庄子》逍遥境界与道教的成仙信仰这两种迥异于西方的超越样式进行具体的分析,以期展露其“肉体关怀”的真正根源所在。     

思想考古方法与中国哲学史研究

中国哲学史研究中长期运用的主要方法是经典的解读及理论的分析,但这种方法并不是惟一的、完全没有问题或缺陷的,所以,必须引入一些新的方法如思想考古的方法予以补充。所谓思想考古,即是借鉴历史学和人类文化学等学科的田野调查方法,去思想家生活、求学、家居、从业的地方进行详细的实地考察,以感受和体验研究对象的情感、思绪,把思想家的思想还原为在具体情境中的思想,找到其思想学说或行为的外在根据,并进而印证或质疑某些史书中对思想家的言行记载,对某些语焉不详的史料或有争议的问题做出分析与考辨。     

测谎中反馈加工的认知神经机制：一项ERP研究

在一个模拟“杀人——侦探”游戏情境中,被试先完成模拟杀人任务,在随后的测谎阶段使用有反馈的ERP测谎范式,以反馈的形式告知被试测谎结果（“+0.5”或“-2”,分别代表“撒谎逃过检测”或“撒谎被发现”）时的脑内时程动态变化。结果发现,在反馈出现后的200～300ms时间段,表示“撒谎被抓住”比“撒谎逃过检测”的反馈信息诱发了一个更正性的ERP成分（P200-300）,在300～400ms时间段,两种反馈诱发的ERP成分（P300）没有差异,而在450～500ms时间段, “撒谎逃过检测”比“撒谎被抓住”的反馈信息诱发了一个更负性的ERP成分（N500）,负性反馈没有诱发FRN。这些结果表明：P200-300、P300和N500都是与加工测谎结果信息有关的ERP成分。P200-300可能对测谎结果的效价（正性或负性）敏感;P300可能反映被试对测谎结果主观意义大小的评价;而N500可能反映测谎结果所导致的大脑皮层兴奋程度。     

神经质人格迫选量表的开发及其抗作假效果研究

传统的迫选量表得分是自模式数据,最近提出的Thurstone IRT模型建构了被试对迫选量表反应的数学模型,能够更精确地度量被试的特质水平.研究自编了神经质人格迫选量表,与常用的测量神经质的Likert量表一起,在无压力、模拟应聘和实际应聘三种情境下进行施测.结果发现,迫选量表的实测数据能够较好地拟合Thurstone IRT模型,该模型估计的特质得分不具有自模式数据的性质,比传统计分更能够抵抗作假.无论采用哪种计分方式,迫选量表都比Likert量表更能够抵抗作假.     

是认知因素还是动机因素影响了审计人员对证据的态度？——以持续经营能力判断为例

客观因素,如证据呈现顺序会导致审计判断偏误,但动机因素是否会影响审计人员对审计证据的态度？本文利用信念调整模型,考察了认知因素和动机因素对审计人员的审计态度的影响,不仅证实了审计人员在持续经营能力判断中的近因效应,而且发现对持续经营不确定审计意见的自我实现预言效应的预期,同样会引发审计判断偏差。     

负相容效应中启动项-目标项关系对阈下信息加工的影响

采用掩蔽启动范式考察了负相容效应中启动项与目标项关系对阈下信息加工的影响,以及是否存在语义水平的负相容效应.两个实验分别以双箭头和汉字为掩蔽启动项,考察启动项和目标项重复、加工水平相同及加工水平不同三种条件下的启动效应.结果发现,两个实验的重复及加工水平相同条件下都出现负相容效应,且重复条件下启动量最大,加工水平不同条件下则无启动.这表明:(1)启动项与目标项的知觉重复影响启动量,但不是负相容效应的必要条件,只有当启动项和目标项加工水平相同时,才出现负相容效应;(2)存在语义水平上的负相容效应,阈下语义信息可得到加工并表现为对后继同类反应的抑制.     

Causal attributions for heart disease: A systematic review

Abstract

The aims of this systematic literature review are to describe the pattern of attributions made for the causes of heart disease, and to determine how this pattern varies with the method by which attributions are elicited, and the respondent group.

A search yielded 47 papers and reports, containing 54 datasets. Lifestyle factors and chronic stress were the most common causes cited across all datasets. Attributions to stressors and fate or luck were more likely to be reported in studies that used interval rating scales than in studies that used dichotomous ratings. Cardiac patients were more likely to mention stressors and fate or luck as causes of heart disease; non-patients rated being overweight and hypertensive as more important

The differences observed between the responses of patients and non-patients may be due to actor - observer differences, or to a methodological difference: patients are often asked to report their own experiences whereas non-patients are asked about the general case.