试析美国反恐战争的道德依据

道德因素已经成为影响美国对外政策的一股不可忽略的、恒久的力量。“美国例外”主义、实用主义至上的道德原则和“人道主义”干涉原则是支持美国反恐战争的三大道德支柱。“道德责任”的背后是为了在全球推广美国价值观。     

Stimulus intrusion on fixed-interval responding in the rat: The effects of electric shock intensity,temporal location,and response contingency

After a scalloped lever-press response pattern had developed under a fixed-interval food reinforcement schedule, a 15-sec electric shock was intruded for different groups of rats in the first, second, third, or fourth quarter of each inter-reinforcement interval. Shock intensity was systematically increased for individual rats over 70 sessions, from 0.05 to 1.6 mA. Additional between-groups comparisons involved response-dependent versus clock-dependent fixed-interval schedules, and response-dependent versus response-independent electric shock intrusion. Response rates within each fixed interval prior to, during, and following electric shock intrusion showed regular and reproducible increases and decreases under systematic application of the experimental variables. These results provide further evidence that the functions of a stimulus are determined in part by the parameters of intensity, response contingency, and temporal location with respect to reinforcement.     

A comparison of error based and time based learning measures as predictors of general intelligence

Two methodological issues involved in determining the relationship between learning and general intelligence (g) are examined. They are firstly, the use of subject learning strategies in a paired-associated learning task and secondly the importance of time in the measurement of learning efficiency. Concerning the first issue, paired-associates learning scores of subjects who were instructed in the use of an appropriate learning strategy correlated significantly with general intelligence scores while those not so instructed did not. Concerning the second issue, a time based learning measure was developed to predice the time required for complete learning in the paired-associates learning task. This measure was compared learning with a number of error-based learning measures in their ability to predict general intelligence. The time based learning measure was clearly superior to the error based measures yielding a correlation of .59 with general intelligence.     

The Laicism and Its Religious Limits

Public school as a constitutional condition of modern democracy can not deal with absolutistic and fundamentalistic claims of public morality in a neutral way. The problems resulting from this for a laicistic school are discussed in the context of liberal tradition in France and the école laïque as it originated in the 19th century.     

中美医疗责任保险之比较研究

医疗责任保险是转移损害、分散风险的有效方法之一.为促进我国医疗责任保险的发展,对中美医疗责任保险的市场主体、产品供给、运营环境、运作实践和医界的保险意识进行比较分析,借鉴美国的先进经验,从社会系统工程的角度提出我国医疗责任发展对策.     

“纸老虎”·“中间地带”·“两个阵营”——毛泽东“转折年代”的美国观

从1946年6月全面内战爆发,到1947年7月至9月人民解放军由战略防御转入战略进攻,仅仅过去一年的时间,中国历史的发展就来了个大转折.在这个"转折年代"里,由于此前的"调处"失败,美国人在中国的历史舞台上开始由台前走向幕后,只能通过援助国民党的方式来继续干涉中国内政,与中国共产党人展开间接的较量.在指挥战略防御和部署战略反攻的繁忙日子里,毛泽东不得不花费大量的心血来反复分析和考量站在战场远端的美国.考量的结果是,他不仅提出了"一切反动派都是纸老虎"的著名论断,而且提出了"中间地带的革命"理论,接受了"两个阵营"划分的新理念,极大地丰富和发展了他在"转折年代"的美国观.     

医学模式的转变与胃食管反流病的思考

胃食管反流病（GERD）是消化科门诊最常见的疾病之一,具有慢性复发性倾向,严重影响人们的生活质量。目前认为本病是一种多因素的心身疾病,随着传统生物医学模式向生物-心理-社会医学模式的转变,要求我们要自觉地运用辩证唯物主义观点,从系统论出发,应用发展的观点,注重医学模式的转变,审慎制定治疗方案。     

BIOLOGY TEACHERS’ CONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE IN BRAZIL,ARGENTINA, AND URUGUAY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Teachers’ conceptions about the origin of life in three Latin American countries with contrasting levels of secularism were analyzed: Argentina (Catholic constitution), Brazil (formally secular but not in practice), and Uruguay (consolidated secularism). A European survey questionnaire was used and the interpretation of the results drew on Barbour's four categories concerning the relationships of science and religion. A large majority of Argentinian and Uruguayan teachers were clearly evolutionist, even when believing in God (Independence or Dialogue category), with no difference between Argentina and Uruguay. The majority of Brazilian teachers assumed a religious position about the origin of life, being creationist (Conflict or Independence categories) or evolutionary creationist (Dialogue or Integration categories). Differences of Brazilian teachers’ conceptions may result from the higher percentage of evangelicals and lower proportion of agnostics/atheists. Brazilian Catholic teachers were more creationist than their Catholic colleagues in Argentina and Uruguay. Distinct patterns were found, but further research is needed to understand possible classroom impacts.     

Self-Healing Forces and Concepts of Health and Disease. A Historical Discourse

The phenomenon of self-healing forces has again and again challenged doctors in the different historical periods of medical science. They relied on effects of self-healing forces in diagnosis and therapy. They also tried to explain these effects based on the current model of organism. The understanding of this phenomenon has always influenced the understanding of therapy and played a role in defining the concept of health and disease. In the 17th and 18th century the idea of self-healing force was interpreted as a phenomenon related to the organic forces, whereas in the 19th century the explanation was reduced to a materialistic mechanism. Nowadays the knowledge of heath-shock-proteins open the way of a new understanding of the organic defense mechanisms. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.