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131.
Five experiments are described on the processing of ambiguous words in sentences. Two classes of ambiguous words (noun-noun and noun-verb) and two types of context (priming and nonpriming) were investigated using a variable stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) priming paradigm. Noun-noun ambiguities have two semantically unrelated readings that are nouns (e.g., PEN, ORGAN); noun-verb ambiguities have both noun and verb readings that are unrelated (e.g., TIRE, WATCH). Priming contexts contain a word highly semantically or associatively related to one meaning of the ambiguous word; nonpriming contexts favor one meaning of the word through other types of information (e.g., syntactic or pragmatic). In nonpriming contexts, subjects consistently access multiple meanings of words and select one reading within 200 msec. Lexical priming differentially affects the processing of subsequent noun-noun and noun-verb ambiguities, yielding selective access of meaning only in the former case. The results suggest that meaning access is an automatic process which is unaffected by knowledge-based (“top-down”) processing. Whether selective or multiple access of meaning is observed largely depends on the structure of the ambiguous word, not the nature of the context.  相似文献   
132.
The study of divided attention has produced many apparent demonstrations of “capacity limitation.” Possible ambiguities in such demonstrations are considered for three major types of experimental situation: simultaneous inputs with separate responses; choice; and classification. Two issues emerge. First, demonstrations always rest on assumptions about process set, i.e., the set of internal processes by which the task actually is performed. Alternative process sets are considered for situations of each type. Second, a demonstration of capacity limitation is made either by increasing the number of simultaneous processes, or by changing the bias between them. In either case effects unrelated to capacity limitation may influence the results. If several processes contribute to a single response, some performance decrement must accompany an increase in their number, simply through the increased overall chance for error. If the subject is biased toward one alternative in a choice or classification situation, the benefits enjoyed by this alternative may reflect not a preferential allocation of attentional capacity, but simply a willingness to decide in favor of this alternative with relatively little evidence.  相似文献   
133.
The finite “secretory problem” in dynamic programming generates a set of mathematically optimal criteria for search strategies in sequential decisions. One of the limitations on its applicability has been its failure to allow for the uncertainty of whether or not a choice alternative which has been inspected sometime previous to the present, will be “available.” In this paper, extensions of the model are presented which incorporate not only a parameter for the uncertain availability of previous alternatives, but for the uncertain availability of an alternative currently being observed. The paper emphasizes socalled heuristic strategies which may be used to approximate optimal solutions, and which entail very reasonable demands on the processing capacity of the decision-maker. Laboratory realizations and potential applications are discussed.  相似文献   
134.
An outcome-expectancy mediation theory of learning was tested in a series of transfer experiments with pigeons. The principal technique employed was a delayed two-choice conditional discrimination in which the subject's correct choice yielded a food reward on one kind of trial and a feedback tone on the other. According to the theory, this task engenders two-link mediational chains in that each conditional cue controls a particular outcome expectancy (S-E link) and the expectancy, in turn, cues a specific choice response (E-R link). Relative to the hypothetical mediators established by preceding training, transfer problems required either the same mediational chains, the alteration of one link in each chain, or the alteration of both links in both chains for optimal performance. The results of four separate transfer experiments confirmed detailed theoretical predictions, including that of an unusual nonmonotonic transfer effect. The relation of the present theory to earlier mediation theories is discussed.  相似文献   
135.
Three cases of semantic aphasia are reported. Computerized brain tomography showed bilateral temporo-parieto-occipital junction hemorrhages in one patient, and left parieto-occipital junction infarctions in the other two patients. The auditory comprehension defect of the three patients was characterized by preserved understanding of single words and impaired understanding of grammatically complex constructions. It is suggested that this comprehension defect reflects an inability to fully grasp the meaning of words and grammatical constructions imbued with spatial or quasi-spatial significance. Each of the three patients showed a complex spatial disorder that included constructional apraxia, spatial agnosia, and elements of Gerstmann's syndrome. The aphasic as well as the spatial disorder of semantic aphasics may be manifestations of a common defect in the perception of spatial relationships produced by left temporo-parieto-occipital region damage.  相似文献   
136.
The purpose of this paper is to make the reader aware of the various theoretical categories into which people who have been productive in the area of stuttering can be “slotted.” Readers are encouraged to read the characteristics, as I conceive of them, of each group of people and then see where their favorite “authorities” (which in many cases will undoubtedly include themselves) fit.  相似文献   
137.
Theoretical predictions, based on the confluence model, were made for data from six national surveys of intellectual performance. All six surveys relate intellectual performance scores to family configuration variables. Widely divergent patterns of relationships between the major family factors, such as birth order and family size, and intellectual performance scores characterize the six data sets. Nevertheless, the confluence model was capable of accurate prediction in all cases when all three parameters were estimated. Little accuracy was lost using only two parameters. Variations in the estimated parameter values that reflected the variations in patterns of effects could be meaningfully interpreted for their psychological significance.  相似文献   
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乙肝病毒(HBV)感染是我国肝硬化和肝癌的主要致病因子,因此抗HBV治疗十分重要。但是,由于对抗HBV的治疗现状不够了解,不少人在盲目追求彻底清除体内的HBV,以至于弄巧成拙,所以,有必要客观地看待慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗,以求得到最佳的治疗效果。  相似文献   
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