Response to “Turning Words and Twisting Truths”

SUMMARY

Too often, in discussions of psychotherapy, the techniques are given undue emphasis. Research suggests that the same techniques are differentially effective when used by equally trained and supervised therapists. Not only are some therapists more effective, irrespective of the type of therapy they practice, but some, because of their personal qualities, may actually harm those with whom they work. This research reflects the vast importance of the ubiquitous element in therapy, that of the “person” of the therapist. The question, then, follows, how may personhood be developed? This question is explored as it relates to both breadth and depth of life experience.     

Hope,goals, and pathways: Further validating the hope scale with observer ratings

ABSTRACT

Objective: For the past two decades, hope theory has been an important framework for conceptualizing goal pursuits. Surprisingly there has been little effort to test the underlying suppositions of hope theory or to further validate the Hope Scale.

Method: In Study 1, participants (N = 162, M_age = 19, 61% female) completed the Hope Scale and nominated goals they would like to accomplish in the next few months. Goals were coded on several dimensions. In Study 2, participants (N = 118, M_age = 19, 59% female) completed the Hope Scale, measures of optimism and self-efficacy, and generated workable pathways for achieving standardized goals.

Results: Hope scores predicted setting objectively important, prosocial, long-term, and challenging goals. Hope (but not optimism or self-efficacy) was associated with generating more pathways for standardized goals.

Conclusions: The results of these studies generally support the tenets of hope theory and provide further validation for the Hope Scale. As expected, people with higher hope were more likely than their lower-hope counterparts to engage in what has been considered successful goal-setting behavior. Hope is associated with important goal-relevant behaviors and efforts to increase hopeful thought may be important in helping individuals to move toward important life outcomes.     

Constitutive and instrumental goal orientations and their relations with eudaimonic and hedonic well-being

This study investigated an Aristotelian model of eudaimonic and hedonic well-being that distinguishes between goal orientations in which the means and ends are separable (instrumental) and in which the means and ends are inherently related (constitutive). Eudaimonic well-being was expected to be related to constitutive goal orientation and hedonic well-being was expected to be related to both constitutive and instrumental goal orientation. Personal identification with activities was expected to mediate the relationship between constitutive goal orientation and eudaimonic well-being. Personal enjoyment was expected to mediate the relationship between instrumental goal orientation and hedonic well-being. Factor analysis supported the independence of constitutive and instrumental goal orientation measures. As predicted, SEM results suggested that there were independent pathways to eudaimonic and hedonic well-being, with strong mediation in both pathways. Results were consistent with Aristotle's [Aristotle (1999). The Nicomachean ethics (M. Ostwald, Trans.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.] concept of eudaimonia and contribute to the growing literature exploring the contrast between eudaimonic and hedonic well-being.     

Experiencia lingüística y desarrollo cognitivo: las ventajas del bilingüismo

RESUMEN

En este artículo se mantiene la hipótesis de la correlación positiva entre inteligencia y bilingüismo, debida a la existencia de ventajas cognitivas. La autora repasa algunos estudios con niños bilingües -destacando el de Okoh (1980)-, afirmando que estas investigaciones indican la presencia de ventajas cognitivas en tareas de creatividad verbal. Con relación a la influencia de la experiencia bilingüe en otras operaciones cognitivas, explica algunas dificultades para relacionar ambas, por lo que habría que realizar un considerable trabajo previo para poder extraer conclusiones definitivas sobre las dimensiones del desarrollo cognitivo que pueden beneficiarse. Respecto a los mecanismos a través de los que se produce dicha influencia, resalta la explicación estructural de Ben- Zeev (1977) recogiendo el concepto de competencia lingüística chomskyano. Tras profundizar en el modelo de Cummins (1981), con su análisis de los distintos tipos de competencia y la “hipótesis de los umbrales”, la autora se centra finalmente en los efectos cognitivos de diferentes tipos de bilingüismo.     

El fenómeno de la «punta de la lengua» y la recuperación léxica: estudio de sus propiedades en castellano y el efecto de la frecuencia del estímulo

Resumen

En este trabajo se examina, a través de dos estudios, el fenómeno de la “punta de la lengua” (PL, TOT en la literatura internacional) en el idioma castellano. En el estudio 1, 101 sujetos contestaron un cuestionario retrospetivo sobre la ocurrencia de PLs en situaciones naturales cotidianas. Los resultados sugieren que el fenómeno PL constituye una experiencia familiar a todos los hablantes, sucede promedialmente en torno a una vez por semana, es causado frecuentemente por nombres propios, el hablante tiene en mucho casos información estructural relevante sobre la palabra buscada, y con frecuencia los PLs se acompañan de la presencia de otras palabras persistentes distintas de la buscada. En el estudio 2, estos hallazgos básicos resultan replicados en un estudio de laboratorio con 1 (02 sujetos y siguiendo la metodología experimental de Brown y McNeill (1966). Los datos muestran, además, una moderad correlacción negativa de -0.35 entre frecuencia léxica de los estímulos y el número de PLs elicitados por ellos, si bien no sólo las palabras de baja frecuencia son las únicas que causan estados PL. Por otra parte, surge una relación significativa de signo negativo entre la presencia durante un PL de palabras alternativas persistentes y la probabilidad de resolución inmediata del PL. Esta relación apoya la hipótesis del bloqueo sobre el fenómeno PL y los resultados son interpretados desde la perspectiva del modelo de Burke et al. (1991).     

Validation of Hayamizu and Weiner's Achievement Goal Questionnaire among Uruguayan university students

Abstract

The aim of this study is to confirm the factor structure of a self-report measure of achievement goal tendencies (Hayamizu & Weiner, 1991) described in previous research, and examine the reliability and validity of scores in a sample of Uruguayan university students. A theoretical three-factor model is proposed (learning, performance and outcome goals), as well as one-factor models for each goal. Confirmatory factor analyses show that all models are identified, and solutions are conceptually correct. Our results suggest that outcome goals could be split into two correlated sub-dimensions related to achievement time (short and long term goals). Concurrent and predicted validity were established through significant correlations with perceived ability and academic achievement respectively. Conceptualisation of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

Aplicación de la psicología al estudio de los procedimientos policiales de recuerdo de personas

RESUMEN

En este artículo los autores aportan una visión de lo que se entiende por psicología del testimonio. Condensan los estudios sobre los procedimientos policiales de recuerdo de personas que se desarrollaron simulando las condiciones reales lo más exactamente posible, resaltando la capacidad de la ciencia psicológica en un campo “relativamente” nuevo y, a todas luces, aplicado. Comienzan por delimitar el área y describir los procedimientos policiales más difundidos en los diferentes países, comentando a continuación los resultados de las investigaciones psicológicas sobre los instrumentos genéricamente llamados “retratos-robot” y que, principalmente, han sido realizados en las universidades de Aberdeen (Escocia) y Houston (USA). En el último apartado sintetizan los datos más relevantes y finalizan subrayando la utilidad de la Psicología en este ámbito y la importancia de diseños experimentales cercanos a la realidad.     

Maternal Socialization Goals,Parenting Styles,and Social-Emotional Adjustment Among Chinese and European American Young Adults: Testing a Mediation Model

The authors compared the associations among perceived maternal socialization goals (self-development, filial piety, and collectivism), perceived maternal parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and training), and the social-emotional adjustment (self-esteem, academic self-efficacy, and depression) between Chinese and European American young adults. The mediation processes in which socialization goals relate to young adults’ adjustment outcomes through parenting styles were examined. Results showed that European American participants perceived higher maternal self-development socialization goals, whereas Chinese participants perceived higher maternal collectivism socialization goals as well as more authoritarian parenting. Cross-cultural similarities were found in the associations between perceived maternal authoritative parenting and socioemotional adjustment (e.g., higher self-esteem and higher academic self-efficacy) across the two cultural groups. However, perceived maternal authoritarian and training parenting styles were found only to be related to Chinese participants’ adjustment (e.g., higher academic self-efficacy and lower depression). The mediation analyses showed that authoritative parenting significantly mediated the positive associations between the self-development and collectivism goal and socioemotional adjustment for both cultural groups. Additionally, training parenting significantly mediated the positive association between the filial piety goal and young adults’ academic self-efficacy for the Chinese group only. Findings of this study highlight the importance of examining parental socialization goals in cross-cultural parenting research.     

Managing the Rhythmic Complexity of Hitting a Golf Ball

ABSTRACT

The authors investigated how the force pattern exerted on a golf club is coordinated with the golfer's weight shift, which supplies power to the swing. Moderately skilled golfers (n = 10, 5–10 stroke handicap) hit short golf shots requiring different amounts of force. Across these different shots, the timing of the force pattern applied to the clubhead was approximately invariant even though the force magnitude varied. In contrast, the weight shift timing and magnitude both varied with the required force of the shot. Across repeated attempts at the same shot, temporal variations in the clubhead force pattern were either uncorrelated or only weakly correlated with temporal variations in the weight shift. Together, these data indicate that the weight shift is a relatively independent, adjustable rhythmic unit from the invariant clubhead timing pattern for moderately skilled golfers.