Fuzzy Logic and Arithmetical Hierarchy III

Fuzzy logic is understood as a logic with a comparative and truth-functional notion of truth. Arithmetical complexity of sets of tautologies (identically true sentences) and satisfiable sentences (sentences true in at least one interpretation) as well of sets of provable formulas of the most important systems of fuzzy predicate logic is determined or at least estimated.     

吸烟者感知吸烟社会规范与社交性吸烟行为的关系：身份认同和关系观的作用

考察吸烟者身份认同和关系观在感知吸烟社会规范与社交性吸烟行为关系中的作用。对1016名吸烟者进行问卷调查,结果表明：（1）感知吸烟社会规范显著正向预测社交性吸烟;（2）身份认同对感知吸烟社会规范和社交性吸烟关系起部分中介作用;（3）关系观正向调节感知吸烟社会规范和社交性吸烟的关系,而对感知吸烟社会规范和身份认同关系的调节不显著。研究支持了感知吸烟社会规范影响社交性吸烟的身份认同机制和文化价值观调节机制。     

Shīʿa neo-traditionalist scholars and theology of homosexuality: review and reflections on Mohsen Kadivar’s shifting approach

This article explores how Shī?a neo-traditionalist scholars have formed views on the issue of homosexuality by applying Shī?a Islamic version of ijtihād. This theme will be investigated with reference to Dr Shaykh Mohsen Kadivar’s shifting approaches on homosexuality. In response to questions he received from 2006 to 2014 from Shī?a grassroots Muslims, Kadivar passed through three stages in his view of the issue of same-sex relationships moving from a harshly punitive to a merely tolerant and finally a more moderate position, albeit one that did not incorporate human rights. This article explores how Kadivar began by upholding an Islamic traditionalist homophobic view towards homosexuality in which same-sex relationships are perceived as a threat to Muslim societies so are, therefore, prohibited (?arām) and must be severely punished. Equally, it also explores how Kadivar developed a more tolerant perspective, by rejecting the traditional punishments of homosexuality, and then advocated a moderate view, by conceding that homosexual Muslims should have general civil rights. Although Kadivar is still reluctant to accept homosexual individuals as being permitted to fulfil their sexual desires and needs as their basic human rights, this article argues that a deeper reading of Kadivar’s scholarship demonstrates that his theological repertoire is extensive enough to have the capacity to permit practicing homosexuality in Islam. Kadivar seems to be sufficiently self-aware to recognize this capacity which initiated to develop and progress his Islamic approach on this issue since a decade ago, albeit slowly.     

Causality as a ‘Veil’: The Ashʿarites,Ibn ʿArabī (1165–1240) and Said Nursī (1877–1960)

This article explores the development of the idea of causality as a ‘veil’ within the Islamic tradition. More specifically, it examines how the rejection of the necessary connection between cause and effect in the writings of the Ash?arites led to a highly sophisticated reconstruction of causality in Ibn ?Arabī (1165–1240) and Said Nursī (1877–1960). It also indicates some of the possible bearings of the idea of causality-as-a-veil for the contemporary discussion on the reconciliation of religious and scientific claims on the nature of causality.     

Psychotherapie der Psychosen

In this paper the psychotherapy of patients with schizophrenic, schizoaffective and affective psychoses is outlined. Psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioural and systemic approaches and their theoretical concepts as well as the therapeutic techniques are de- scribed. The settings of individual, group and family therapy are also presented. A survey of the types of psychoanalytic therapy with their eldest historic roots is given with the development of the various psychodynamic concepts for schizophrenic and affective psychoses including schizoaffective psycho-ses. The different kinds of psychotherapy are compared to each other with respect to the aims. Finally this paper deals with the effectiveness of the therapies and discusses the pros and cons of relatively short randomised controlled trials compared with long term psychotherapies without control groups.     

The Ethical Criticism of Art: A New Mapping of the Territory

The goal of this paper is methodological. It offers a comprehensive mapping of the theoretical positions on the ethical criticism of art, correcting omissions and inadequacies in the conceptual framework adopted in the current debate. Three principles are recommended as general guidelines: ethical amenability, basic value pluralism, and relativity to ethical dimension. Hence a taxonomy distinguishing between different versions of autonomism, moralism, and immoralism is established, by reference to criteria that are different from what emerging in the current literature. The mapping is then proved capable of (1) locating the various theories that have been proposed so far and clarifying such theories’ real commitments, (2) having the correct relationship with actual art making and art criticism practices, and (3) showing the real weight of the alleged counter-example to a moralist position of a work that succeeds artistically because of its immorality.