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261.
Dotsch R Wigboldus DH van Knippenberg A 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2011,100(6):999-1014
Three studies show that social categorization is biased at the level of category allocation. In all studies, participants categorized faces. In Studies 1 and 2, participants overallocated faces with criminal features--a stereotypical negative trait--to the stigmatized Moroccan category, especially if they were prejudiced. On the contrary, the stereotype-irrelevant negative trait stupid did not lead to overallocation to the Moroccan category. In Study 3, using the stigmatized category homosexual, the previously used negative trait criminal--irrelevant to the homosexual stereotype--did not lead to overallocation, but the stereotype-relevant positive trait femininity did. These results demonstrate that normative fit is higher for faces with stereotype-relevant features regardless of valence. Moreover, individual differences in implicit prejudice predicted the extent to which stereotype-relevant traits elicited overallocation: Whereas more negatively prejudiced people showed greater overallocation of faces associated with negative stereotype-relevant traits, they showed less overallocation of faces associated with positive stereotype-relevant traits. These results support our normative fit hypothesis: In general, normative fit is better for faces with stereotypical features. Moreover, normative fit is enhanced for prejudiced individuals when these features are evaluatively congruent. Social categorization thus may be biased in itself. 相似文献
262.
263.
Otgaar H Smeets T Merckelbach H Jelicic M Verschuere B Galliot AM van Riel L 《Memory & cognition》2011,39(6):1033-1041
Studies have shown that survival processing leads to superior memorability. The aim of the present study was to examine whether
this survival recall advantage might result from stereotype activation. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a pilot study
and two experiments in which participants were primed with stereotypes (Experiment 1, professor and elderly person; Experiment
2, survival-stereotype). In Experiment 1, 120 undergraduates were randomly assigned to a survival, professor stereotype, elderly
person stereotype, or moving scenario and rated words for their relevance to the imagined scenario. In Experiment 2, 75 undergraduates
were given a survival, survival-stereotype (based on our pilot study), or moving scenario. Both experiments showed that survival
processing leads to a greater recall advantage over the stereotype groups and control group. These data indicate that the
mere activation of stereotypes cannot explain the survival recall advantage. 相似文献
264.
Neumann A van Lier PA Frijns T Meeus W Koot HM 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(5):657-669
This study examined the role of the level and variability of happiness, anger, anxiety, and sadness in the development of
adolescent-reported anxiety disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, and aggressive behavior in 452 adolescents (250 male)
followed from age 13 to 14. Level and between-day variability of emotions were assessed through adolescent report at 3-month
intervals across a 1 year period. Level and variability of the four emotions contributed to changes in anxiety disorder and
depressive symptoms more consistently than to changes in aggressive behavior. All four emotions were predictive of changes
in internalizing problems, while anger played the most prominent role in the development of aggressive behavior. Variability
of emotions contributed to changes in anxiety disorder symptoms, while heightened levels of negative emotions and diminished
happiness contributed to changes in depression. Results suggested somewhat stronger effects of negative affect on aggressive
behavior for females than for males. Results underscore the role of emotion dysregulation in the development of psychopathology. 相似文献
265.
Karin?S.?NijhofEmail author Ad?Vermulst Ron?H.?J.?Scholte Coleta?van?Dam Jan?Willem?Veerman Rutger?C.?M.?E.?Engels 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):59-70
The present study examined whether a sample of 214 (52.8% male, M age = 15.76, SD = 1.29) institutionalized adolescents could be classified into subgroups based on psychopathic traits. Confirmatory Factor
Analyses revealed a relationship between the subscales of the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) and the three latent
constructs of the original model on which it is based. Latent Class Analyses showed that adolescents showing psychopathic
traits could be classified into three subgroups. The first group showed low scores on the grandiose/manipulative dimension,
the callous/unemotional dimension, and the impulsive/irresponsible dimension (normal group). The second group scored moderate
on the grandiose/manipulative dimension and the callous/unemotional dimension and high on the impulsive/irresponsible dimension
(impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group). The third group scored high on all three dimensions (psychopathy-like group). The
findings revealed that the impulsive, non-psychopathic like group scored significantly higher on internalizing problem behavior
compared to the normal group, while the psychopathy-like and the impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group both scored higher
on externalizing problem behavior compared to the normal group. Based on a self-report delinquency measure, it appeared that
the psychopathy-like group had the highest delinquency rates, except for vandalism. Both the impulsive and psychopathy-like
group had the highest scores on the use of soft drugs. 相似文献
266.
van der Vaart E Verbrugge R Hemelrijk CK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2011,37(3):330-340
Caching and recovery of food by corvids is well-studied, but some ambiguous results remain. To help clarify these, we built a computational cognitive model. It is inspired by similar models built for humans, and it assumes that memory strength depends on frequency and recency of use. We compared our model's behavior to that of real birds in previously published experiments. Our model successfully replicated the outcomes of two experiments on recovery behavior and two experiments on cache site choice. Our "virtual birds" reproduced declines in recovery accuracy across sessions, revisits to previously emptied cache sites, a lack of correlation between caching and recovery order, and a preference for caching in safe locations. The model also produced two new explanations. First, that Clark's nutcrackers may become less accurate as recovery progresses not because of differential memory for different cache sites, as was once assumed, but because of chance effects. And second, that Western scrub jays may choose their cache sites not on the basis of negative recovery experiences only, as was previously thought, but on the basis of positive recovery experiences instead. Alternatively, both "punishment" and "reward" may be playing a role. We conclude with a set of new insights, a testable prediction, and directions for future work. 相似文献
267.
Meijssen D Wolf MJ van Bakel H Koldewijn K Kok J van Baar A 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(1):72-80
Objective
For very preterm infants the mother-infant relationship may be compromised. Maternal attachment representations 18 (corrected) months after very preterm birth and the effect of the post-discharge Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program (IBAIP) were studied. The IBAIP is designed to assist parents to support and enhance their infant's regulatory competence and development. The intervention consisted of 6-8 home visits during the first 8 months after birth.Method
Seventy-eight mothers of very preterm infants (<32 weeks and/or <1500 g) were interviewed, who participated in a randomized controlled trial: 41 from the intervention group and 37 from the control group. Maternal attachment representations were assessed with the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI). The interviews resulted in a classification of the attachment representations into balanced or non-balanced.Results
30% of the mothers had non-balanced attachment representations. Qualitative content analysis of the answers showed that negative feelings when first seeing their baby and negative or ambivalent feelings in the first weeks at home with their baby are related to non-balanced attachment representations. The WMCI revealed no differences between the intervention and control group.Conclusion
Early support for mothers of very preterm born infants to develop a healthy mother-infant relationship is recommended especially for mothers who report negative first experiences. 相似文献268.
The effect of local kinematic changes on anticipation judgments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cañal-Bruland R van Ginneken WF van der Meer BR Williams AM 《Human movement science》2011,30(3):495-503
Skilled tennis players rely on a more global than local perceptual strategy when anticipating an opponent’s shot direction in tennis (Williams, Huys, Cañal-Bruland, & Hagemann, 2009). Global perceptual strategy refers to the pick-up of dynamic information across different body areas rather than from a single source such as the arm or racket. We extend previous work by examining the spatiotemporal characteristics of visual information pick-up when anticipating shot direction in tennis. We perturbed information from various body locations by interchanging the dynamics of selected areas with those from strokes played to the opposite side of the court. In addition, we presented each manipulation under four different temporal occlusion conditions (from 240 ms prior to racket-ball contact) to examine the time course of information extraction. Skilled tennis players outperformed less skilled counterparts in predicting shot direction, even at early phases of the opponent’s motion. Moreover, skilled players showed significant decrements in performance when the arms and racket were perturbed, highlighting the relevance of distal information when anticipating opponents’ intentions. 相似文献
269.
270.
The results of this study are part of an investigation to determine whether the cognitive-emotional process of emotional recognition is deficient as a function of the clinical condition and alexithymia in subjects with somatization. This investigation applied the self-assessment of emotion and used a procedure that minimizes the use of verbal skills and verbal comprehension. The specific goal of this study was to verify whether there were differences in the covariation between alexithymia and self-evaluation of the emotional reaction in clinical and nonclinical subjects. The results of this study highlight the significant differences between clinical and control subjects. There were inverse significant correlations with the affective valence in clinical subjects, whereas in the ratings of the TAS-20 in control subjects, there were direct correlations with activation. In the conclusions, we discuss whether the variability of the results of previous research of the relationship between alexithymia and emotional recognition is a characteristic feature of this relationship or an effect of the different sampling and procedures utilized. 相似文献