A REPLY TO JASPER HOLLEY'S DEFENSE OF THE G INDEX

Holley argues that the appearance of effects related to person means in the factor analysis of G indices is due to Levy's failure to adopt the procedure of 'double extending' the score matrix in Q analysis. Holley also points out that this same procedure has no effect upon the G indices. Therefore there is no argument and Levy's results and conclusions stand unaltered.     

Observing responses and discrimination learning

An operant response in the pigeon, whose performance results in exposure to the discriminative stimuli, is described and suggested as an experimental analogue for “observing.” Such an operant response is then used to explore the relationship between observing responses and discrimination learning in a variety of discrimination situations, of progressively increasing complexity. In general, the results support the contention that the development and maintainence of observing responses is closely related to the degree of differential behaviour manifested toward the discriminative stimuli. Certain modifications are suggested in the theoretical formulation underlying the concept of “observing responses.”     

An analysis of Guttman's simplex

Applying a Spearman formula for factor loadings to a variant of the diagonal method, the Guttman simplex model is factored algebraically inton/2 additive factors. The finding that communalities can be discovered such that the rank of a simplex becomesn/2 is contradictory to Guttman's contention that the minimal rank isn — 2. Certain matrices of 4 and 5 variables presented by Guttman as simplexes, can, in general, be considered 2-factor matrices, easily analyzed to simple structure without rotation. One example of 6 variables is factored by the method described to a 3-factor structure.Prepared under Contract 816(02) between the Office of Naval Research and Washington University and presented in part at a meeting of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, St. Louis, Missouri, March 27, 1959. Permission is granted for reproduction, translation, publication, use, and disposal in whole and in part by or for the United States Government.     

Parent and child perceptions of Boszormenyi-Nagy's ethical dimensions of the parent-child relationship

The parent-child relationship plays an important role in Boszormenyi-Nagy's contextual therapy. This article presents the results of four interview studies of the opinions of parents and children about their ethical relationship.The children in these studies were five-to-seven-year-olds, 10-to-12 year olds and 15-year-olds. In one study only the mothers were interviewed, in the other three both parents participated. In all 73 children, 62 mothers, and 43 fathers were interviewed. The majority of parents and children agreed with most aspects of Nagy's theory about the parent-child relation, but there were some notable exceptions. Very few shared Nagy's ideas about entitlement. The age of the child had a clear effect on the opinions of the children on the dimensions of trust/reliability, loyalty and shifting of the balance with age of the child and on the opinions of the parents on the dimensions of childrens' rights, parents' rights, and balance of fairness. The sex of the interviewee had some effect: Mothers and fathers differ on the dimension of parents' rights and adolescent girls and boys differ on the dimensions of childrens' rights and parents' duties.     

Prototyping “Intelligent” applications for interactive multimedia systems

The termmultimedia refers to the combined use of different media of communication, and originally belonged primarily to the fields of entertainment and education. Advances in computer, audio, and video technology have now brought multimedia possibilities to the individual. Further, they give the user control over what happens. Suchinteractive multimedia systems offer the user personal access to large amounts of information, including pictures, graphics, video, text, and audio. The potential range of applications is very broad, from simple interactions where the user will merely make occasional choices and then sit back and view sections of program material, to more purposeful interactions where the application can help the user to achieve a goal. This article describes research onknowledge-based interactive multimedia systems. Targeted on the new Compact Disc Interactive format, we have protyped an advisor which will help the user to tackle a typical domestic task. The necessary decision-making process can be enlivened by multimedia interaction, and placed on solid ground by the inclusion of expert advice.     

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FALL AND ORIGINAL SIN

Abstract. The paper consists of an argument that goes as follows. Symbols and their elaboration into myths constitute Homo sapiens 's most primitive reading of the world and the relation of humans to that world. They are, in other words, primordial units of cultural information, emerging very early in human history, representing a significant achievement in the evolution of human self-consciousness and reflection. The classic myths of Fall and Original Sin, as well as the doctrines to which they gave rise, are further interpretations of this primordial information. The doctrinal traditions of the first four centuries of Christianity are surveyed. Three sets of data as interpreted by the biological sciences are offered as resources for understanding the biogenetic grounds of the experience that the symbols, myths, and doctrines of Fall and Original Sin seek to interpret. The conclusions to be drawn are that (1) the symbolic material is indeed commensurate with the scientific understandings, and (2) the scientific interpretations deepen our understanding of the symbols, while (3) the conversation between the symbols and the science once again raises certain perennial questions about human existence.     

Counselor Awareness of the Consequences of Certification and Licensure

In the decade since professional counselor regulation was widely debated, more than half of the states have legislated regulation, and it is sought in others. The extent to which counselors in a state currently pursuing legislation are familiar with potential consequences of legislated regulation was examined. Most counselors were found to be unfamiliar with potential negative consequences of regulation, and most were desirous of more information regarding these issues. Implications of the findings for the profession are presented.     

ON THE "USE" OF NEOPRAGMATISM

Abstract. The present article continues an earlier critique of Robbins's and Rorty's neopragmatism. Their skepticism about the traditional concept of correspondence and about the criteria for truth are both unjustified, and their own assertion of meaning as usefulness either presupposes a prior notion of linguistic reference or fails to qualify as a sufficient criterion for knowledge. The difficulties with neopragmatism have implications for two other areas of the religion/science discussion, postmodernism and empirical Theology. Postmodernism shares neopragmatism's mistakes regarding the philosophy of language and can be rejected without endangering one's empiricism, humanism, or naturalism. By contrast, the strengths of empirical Theology, and of religious empiricism in general, can be preserved without Robbins's proposed ban on metaphysics.