基于直觉主义逻辑的隐偏好分析

根据偏好及其变化是否在逻辑语言及语义模型中有直接的反映,可以将其分为隐偏好和显偏好。本文旨在对含有隐偏好信息的逻辑进行研究,基于对直觉主义逻辑中的认知信息的分析,通过修改直觉主义逻辑的语义解释提出了隐偏好逻辑,并证明了该逻辑系统的可靠性和相对于可区分模型类的完全性;最后,通过定义哥德尔式的翻译映射将隐偏好逻辑嵌入到偏好逻辑中。     

Correcting Overestimated Effect Size Estimates in Multiple Trials

In a simulation study, Brand, Bradley, Best, and Stoica (2011 Brand, A., Bradley, M. T., Best, L. A. and Stoica, G. 2011. Multiple trials may yield exaggerated effect size estimates. The Journal of General Psychology, 138: 1–11. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) have shown that Cohen's d is notably overestimated if computed for data aggregated over multiple trials. Although the phenomenon is highly important for studies and meta-analyses of studies structurally similar to the simulated scenario, the authors do not comprehensively address how the problem could be handled. In this comment, we first suggest a corrective term d ^′ _c that includes the number and correlation of trials. Next, the results of a simulation study provide evidence that the proposed d_c′ results in a more precise estimation of trial-level effects. We conclude that, in practice, d ^′ _c together with plausible estimates of inter-trial correlation will produce a more precise effect size range compared to that suggested by Brand and colleagues (2011 Brand, A., Bradley, M. T., Best, L. A. and Stoica, G. 2011. Multiple trials may yield exaggerated effect size estimates. The Journal of General Psychology, 138: 1–11. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

Visual search and autism symptoms: What young children search for and co‐occurring ADHD matter

Superior visual search is one of the most common findings in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) literature. Here, we ascertain how generalizable these findings are across task and participant characteristics, in light of recent replication failures. We tested 106 3‐year‐old children at familial risk for ASD, a sample that presents high ASD and ADHD symptoms, and 25 control participants, in three multi‐target search conditions: easy exemplar search (look for cats amongst artefacts), difficult exemplar search (look for dogs amongst chairs/tables perceptually similar to dogs), and categorical search (look for animals amongst artefacts). Performance was related to dimensional measures of ASD and ADHD, in agreement with current research domain criteria (RDoC). We found that ASD symptom severity did not associate with enhanced performance in search, but did associate with poorer categorical search in particular, consistent with literature describing impairments in categorical knowledge in ASD. Furthermore, ASD and ADHD symptoms were both associated with more disorganized search paths across all conditions. Thus, ASD traits do not always convey an advantage in visual search; on the contrary, ASD traits may be associated with difficulties in search depending upon the nature of the stimuli (e.g., exemplar vs. categorical search) and the presence of co‐occurring symptoms.     

循证医学对医学不确定性的影响

医学是-门特殊的科学,它比一般的自然科学具有更大复杂性和不确定性.循证医学方法在使医学从经验积累向真正的科学演进的过程中起了重要的推动作用,在限制医学不确定性方面取得较大的进步,但同时又带来了新的不确定性.     

医患互动与新生儿先天性HCMV感染的诊疗

在新生儿先天性巨细胞病毒感染的诊疗中,乃至儿科疾病的防治中,应注重调节好医患矛盾的两方面。医患双方处理好知情同意,避免诊疗中的医疗纠纷,对于建立积极主动的、和谐信任的医患互动模式非常重要。这也体现了双方对新生命的最大的珍惜和尊重。     

Prenatal Testing for Adult-Onset Conditions: the Position of the National Society of Genetic Counselors

Advances in genetic testing and the availability of such testing in pregnancy allows prospective parents to test their future child for adult-onset conditions. This ability raises several complex ethical issues. Prospective parents have reproductive rights to obtain information about their fetus. This information may or may not alter pregnancy management. These rights can be in conflict with the rights of the future individual, who will be denied the right to elect or decline testing. This paper highlights the complexity of these issues, details discussions that went into the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) Public Policy Task Force’s development of the Prenatal testing for Adult-Onset Conditions position statement adopted in November 2014, and cites relevant literature on this topic through December 2015. Issues addressed include parental rights and autonomy, rights of the future child, the right not to know, possible adverse effects on childhood and the need for genetic counseling. This paper will serve as a reference to genetic counselors and healthcare professionals when faced with this situation in clinical practice.     

Spiritual Health and Outcomes in Muslim ICU Patients: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of the present study is to describe how religiosity and spirituality affect the psychiatric morbidity of Muslim intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We conducted a prospective nationwide cross-sectional study of ICU patients discharged from 45 medical centers spanning 31 proivinces in Iran. Adults (age ≥ 18 years) admitted to the ICU and treated with invasive mechanical ventilation were eligible. Nine validated survey tools were administered to detect direct and indirect associations between spiritual health (SH) and depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic disorder. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R), Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 14 question (PTSS-14) quality-of-life (QoL), and quality of patient to physician or nurse communication (PP-QoC and PN-QoC) scales were modeled through two mediators by structural equation modeling (SEM). Sex, ICU type, LOS, and APACHE II score were added in the independent variable list. 338 eligible patients were discharged from the ICUs during the study period. 56 were excluded (clinical status), and 282 were administered the survey. 278 returned it, with 272 complete and 6 partial responses. SH displayed no direct or indirect association to QoL. SH was indirectly associated with decreased depression and anxiety (B = ? 0.081, p < 0.05) via PP-QoC mediator. Both direct and indirect positive associations were observed between SH and IES-R (B = 0.293, p < 0.05; via PP-QoC) and PTSS-14 scores (B = 0.267, p < 0.001; via PP-QoC). Medical ICU location was associated with decreased PTSS-14 scores via the same mediator. In this survey of Muslim ICU patients treated with invasive mechanical ventilation, SH correlated with decreased depression and anxiety, but paradoxically increased post-traumatic stress. The most influential mediator was patient–physician quality-of-communication.     

Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment

This article reports differences across 23 countries on 2 processes of emotion regulation--reappraisal and suppression. Cultural dimensions were correlated with country means on both and the relationship between them. Cultures that emphasized the maintenance of social order--that is, those that were long-term oriented and valued embeddedness and hierarchy--tended to have higher scores on suppression, and reappraisal and suppression tended to be positively correlated. In contrast, cultures that minimized the maintenance of social order and valued individual Affective Autonomy and Egalitarianism tended to have lower scores on Suppression, and Reappraisal and Suppression tended to be negatively correlated. Moreover, country-level emotion regulation was significantly correlated with country-level indices of both positive and negative adjustment.