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51.
The present set of studies examines how working memory capacity (WMC) relates to performance on a Remote Associates Task (RAT), originally designed by Mednick as a quantifiable creative problem solving assessment. The source of fixation was manipulated across two sets of RAT items. One set was neutral with no specific fixation embedded in them, while the second set was baseball-misleading, designed so that prior knowledge of baseball would lead to an incorrect solution attempt. WMC scores were positively related to performance on RAT items in all conditions, except one. High baseball knowledge participants' WMC scores did not relate to performance on the baseball-misleading RAT. While in general WMC may lead to better RAT performance, these results suggest that when there is a candidate solution strongly activated by prior knowledge, WMC may actually lead to too much focus on the incorrect solution and exacerbate mental sets. 相似文献
52.
James D. Stoehr Sherri L. Mobley Daschelle Roice Rachel Brooks Lauren M. Baker Ronald G. Wiley Gary L. Wenk 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》1997,67(3):214-227
The effects of selective cholinergic cell loss within the basal forebrain (BF) were determined using a task that requires shifting of attention between two visual stimuli. Discriminability between two stimuli and response bias were determined in young and old F-344 rats given BF injections of IgG-192 saporin (100 ng). The lesion reduced ChAT activity in the frontal and parietal cortices, hippocampus, and olfactory bulbs. The lesion did not significantly alter Na+/K+-ATPase activity in cortex, hippocampus, or olfactory bulbs, or endogenous levels of neuropeptide Y and neurokinin B within the BF. The BF lesions impaired both stimulus discriminability and response bias in young and old rats. The BF lesions had a significantly greater effect upon stimulus discriminability and response bias in aged rats, compared to young rats, only when the stimulus duration was very brief, i.e., when the task was most difficult to solve. At longer stimulus durations, aging and lesions showed no interaction. The results suggest that the selective loss of cholinergic cells in the BF, but not normal aging, impairs the ability to discriminate between independent sensory stimuli. The loss of these cells confers a response bias in simple operant tasks involving motor responses to reward-related visual stimuli. 相似文献
53.
Jean-Lon Beauvois Marc Bungert Pascale Mariette 《European journal of social psychology》1995,25(1):17-26
It is argued that the standard manipulation of free choice in a forced compliance situation has fostered confusion between the two different types of choices offered to subjects, namely commitment or non-commitment to compliance with the experimenter and choice of counter-attitudinal activity per se. From a theoretical viewpoint, the two choices have very different implications. The former is a prerequisite to dissonance arousal; the latter may bring about consonant cognitions which reduce the dissonance ratio. Two experiments which separated these two choices confirmed the above predictions, derived from a radical conception of the dissonance theory (Beauvois and Joule, 1981, 1994). The results are inconsistent with the reinterpretation of dissonance effects in self-perception terms. 相似文献
54.
试论反应性抑郁形成的心理过程 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对反应性抑郁形成的心理过程进行解释的理论中 ,较有影响的有精神分析理论、控制理论、认知理论、自我注意理论和行为主义理论。由于这些理论都仅强调某一个因素的作用 ,因而有一定的局限性。如果综合考虑这些因素 ,同时还考虑到评价、个体扮演角色的多少及其采用的应付方式等因素的作用 ,就可以看出反应性抑郁形成的完整心理过程。 相似文献
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56.
Mille lycéens, des deux sexes, de 14 à 18 ans, ont passé un questionnaire destiné à mettre en évidence les stéréotypes qui sont associés à L'image qu'ils ont d'eux-mêmes, de leur groupe et du sexe opposé. On compare chez les adolescents français les réponses selon le sexe d'une part, selon L'origine socio-géographique (Paris-Province) d'autre part. Enfin, les adolescents français sont comparés à des adolescents grecs (Athènes). Les résultats font apparaître des différences dans la manière dont les individus réagissent à L'ambiguïté du statut de L'adolescence : les adolescents français réagissent par une contestation du monde des adultes, les adolescents grecs par un désir d'intégration. d'autre part, on constate une différence entre les sexes dans L'échantillon français : L'adolescent est perçu comme ayant des traits de caractère qui lui permettent de s'affirmer; au contraire, L'adolescente semble ne disposer que de traits de caractère qui la maintiennent dans la dépendance de L'homme. Néanmoins, malgré ces différences, la visée des adolescents étudiés demeure la même : la reconnaissance de leur existence sociale. 相似文献
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58.
Jean-Lon Beauvois 《European journal of social psychology》1987,17(1):81-94
Subjects are required to estimate sociability as expressed in questionnaires supposedly completed by different individuals and make a prediction of conduct for each of these individuals. The results are compared to four models: three versions of the individual differences model (IDM) and a dialectical model. Two rudimentary versions of the IDM give the best approximations to results obtained, one for absolute value judgments of sociability, the other for conduct prediction. The conclusion is that the IDM does exist as a model in implicit psychology before becoming a model in learned psychology. The fact that such a model be preponderant in intuitive psychology in spite of its known inadequacies is discussed in terms of self-fulfilling prophecy in the exercise of power. 相似文献
59.
Professor Director of the Program Max Hamburgh Ph.D. 《Journal of religion and health》1980,19(4):320-325
Sociobiologists have emphasized that altruism and benevolent behavior are part of the genetic repertoire of most animals and certainly of man. They have constructed a theory of ethics as a biological phenomenon without reference to the concept of evil. It is concluded here however, that holocaust behavior is not equivalent to the natural manifestation of an incompletely tamed animal flashing its teeth. Biologists have been too rigid in trying to equate ethical behavior with social behavior. The added dimension of ethical behavior is a special kind of sensitivity to the needs of others, just as evil is the total lack of it. The evolution of this moral sense may itself have important selective value for the human species, whose survival depends on creating maximal diversity in its gene pool. 相似文献
60.