初中生心理顽强性与主观幸福感的相关研究

目的探讨初中生心理顽强性与主观幸福感之间的相关性。方法采用自制心理顽强性量表和中学生牛津幸福感问卷,对调查结果进行T检验、方差分析、典型相关分析。结果①初中生心理顽强性存在性别差异,年级差异。②初中生主观幸福感的性别差异整体不显著,但女生的情绪体验得分要显著高于男生,同时还存在在年级差异。③初中生的责任感和自控感越高,就有越正向的自我感知和情绪体验。结论：心理顽强性与主观幸福感之间存在显著正相关。     

Latinos and latinas in community psychology: A review of the literature

Latinos and Latinas are one of the largest minority groups in the United States yet they remain a silent group. The article begins by considering the social, historical, and economic backgrounds of Latino and Latina groups in the U.S. as a context for understanding diversity and as a resource for explaining the participation of this minority group in community psychology. This article then examines the extent to which Latinos and Latinas are present and participate in community psychology throughout its publications and explores the nature of their participation through a thematic analysis of the published literature. A content analysis was conducted on 1,851 articles published from 1973 through 1992 in theAmerican Journal of Community Psychology and theJournal of Community Psychology to evaluate the presence of Latinos and Latinas in the community psychology literature. The quantitative analysis revealed that 3.7% (n=69) of all the articles reviewed focused on Latinos and Latinas or had samples with at least 15% of the participants coming from this ethnic group. Mexican Americans/Chicanos were the focus of the largest number of articles about specific Latino and Latina subgroups, followed by Cubans and Puerto Ricans. The results indicated less attention to Latino and Latina populations in the community psychology literature than would be expected from the field's goals. However, a qualitative review of the articles was more encouraging since many articles by and about Latinos and Latinas reflected values consonant with the field such as cultural pluralism or employed conceptual tools of the discipline such as empowerment or ecological approaches. Nevertheless, some of the articles reviewed also lacked a concern for the field's values in relation to Latinos and Latinas as a group. Finally, suggestions and strategies to empower this group are offered.     

Attention to adjacent and separate positions in space: An electrophysiological analysis

Some theories of visuospatial attention propose that attention can be divided between separated zones of space that exclude the intervening region, whereas other theories state that the focus of attention must encompass aunitary, continuous zone. These contrasting viewswere evaluated in an experiment 9n which subjects were required to monitor two of four stimulus locations for targets; the two relevant locations were adjacent in one condition and were separated by an intervening irrelevant location in a second condition . To assess the distribution of attention across the relevant and irrelevant locations, event-related brain potentials(ERPa)were recorded to taskirrelevant “probe” stimuli that were occasionally presented at the individual stimulus locations. When the relevant locations were adjacent, probes presented at irrelevant locations elicited smaller sensory-evoked electrophysiological responses than probes presented at relevant locations, consistent with an attentional suppression of inputs from the unattended locations. When the relevant locations were separated by an irrelevant location, however, the sensory responses evoked by probes presented at this intervening irrelevant location were not suppressed, and target detection performance became slower and less accurate. These results suggest that attentionforms a unitary zone that may expand to encompass multiple relevant locations but must also include the area between them; as a result, irrelevant information arising from intervening locations is not suppressed and perceptual processing is compromised.     

Neuropsychological course after surgery for intracranial aneurysms. A prospective study and a critical review

Previously, only three studies with representative samples of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms have provided detailed results of prospective, repeated, neuropsychological assessments after surgery. These studies apparently disagree with regard to occurrence of cognitive deficits and to degree of improvement between early and delayed follow-ups. The present paper attempts to analyze the conditions underlying these differences in results. As a first step in this analysis we present a comprehensive, prospective, neuropsychological investigation of a consecutive sample of 41 patients with rupture of a supratentorial aneurysm, assessed 4 and 12 months after surgery. It is concluded that a prorated course of improvement of a wide specter of psychological functions may be revealed, but that sensitive tests and large samples are needed to establish the range of deficits and improvements with time. Differences in patient selection with respect to severity of the acute clinical state and delayed deterioration apparently contribute importantly to the discrepance in previously reported outcome.     

Improving Migrant Students' Spelling of English and Spanish Words with Error Correction

We examined the effects of error correction on spelling accuracy of culturally and linguistically diverse students enrolled in summer Migrant Education. In an error correction strategy, students spelled a word, viewed a correct model, and corrected specific errors. In a traditional strategy, students wrote words three times each while viewing a correct model. Words were presented in Spanish or English. Results showed that students with and without learning disabilities, whose primary language was English, correctly spelled more English words in the error correction condition than the traditional. Students whose primary language was Spanish correctly spelled Spanish words equally well in both conditions, possibly because of the phonetic nature of the Spanish language.     

VALCOR: A program for estimating standard error, confidence intervals, and probability of corrected validity

VALCOR is a Turbo-Basic program that corrects the observed (uncorrected) validity coefficients for criterion and predictor unreliability and range restriction in the predictor. Furthermore, using the formulas for the standard error of functions of correlations derived by Bobko and Rieck (1980), the program provides an estimation of the standard error, the confidence intervals, and the probability of the corrected validity coefficients. In this way, the probability and the boundaries of the corrected validity coefficients may be reported together with the probability of the uncorrected validity coefficients. The results are presented on the computer screen and may be saved in an external file.     

Philosophy: National and International

The recent upsurge of national sentiments in the former socialist countries has also brought about the desire to create "national"philosophies. Such attempts are bound to be unsuccessful, partly because of the increasingly internationalized contexts of philosphical inquiry. What is possible instead and is actually taking place in many countries, cultures, and even cities are philosophical "schools" In smaller countries frequently the most productive position for philosophy is to be simultaneously national and international, facilitating in this way a critical discussion within the limited national cultural space and simultaneously pursuing universal philosophical problems.     

The role of network therapy in the treatment of relational disorders: Cults and folie a deux

This article discusses the successful outcome of a network intervention in a case of cult-involvement andfolie a deux. The intervention, specifically designed to help a family in which one member had become involved with an individual who claimed to be the Messiah—an involvement that entailed the exclusion and alienation of all other family members—used a team of network specialists and consisted of a pre-network planning meeting, the network meeting itself which included approximately 70 persons over four hours, and several follow-up meetings with network subgroups.     

Three stimuli for visual motion perception compared

Two arrangements yielding induced motion were used to explore the relative effectiveness of three stimulus conditions known to produce perception of motion—namely, image displacement, ocular pursuit, and object-relative displacement. In these arrangements, object-relative displacement, which resulted in induced motion, was in conflict either with ocular pursuit or with image displacement. The outcomes of these conflicts were determined by measuring the extent of induced motion. Image displacement proved more effective in competing with object-relative displacement than did ocular pursuit, which in one arrangement yielded to object-relative displacement entirely. The same pattern of results was obtained both with the usual arrangement of the moving-center type and with a stationary-center display.