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131.
The current study examined whether stress reactivity becomes stronger or weaker with age. Daily stress and daily negative affect were modeled using 1,012 subjects from the National Study of Daily Events (NSDE), an 8-day daily diary study. Age ranged from 25 to 74. Data were modeled using within-person HLM techniques. Daily stress and neuroticism interacted in their effect on daily negative affect. There was a stronger association between daily stress and negative affect for persons high in neuroticism as compared to those low on the trait. In addition, daily stress and age interacted in their effect on daily negative affect. There was a stronger association between daily stress and negative affect for older as compared to younger adults. Results suggest heightened reactivity to stressors in older adulthood, perhaps due to kindling effects. Changes in the aging brain may explain this effect. Our investigations illuminate the complexities that characterize the set of associations among negative affect, stress, personality, and age, and point to potential aging or cohort effects. 相似文献
132.
de Almeida RG 《Brain and language》2004,90(1-3):249-261
Recent research in lexical semantics has suggested that verbs such as begin and enjoy semantically select for a complement that denotes an activity or an event. When no such activity or event is specified in the form of a progressive or infinitival complement, as in John began (to read/reading) the book, the verb is said to "coerce" the NP direct object to shift its role to encompass the activity that begin requires as complement (e.g., writing, reading). Empirical support for this view has been provided by McElree, Traxler, Pickering, Seely, & Jackendoff (2001). In the present study, however, in two self-paced reading experiments, type-shifting effects (taken to be longer reading times engendered by the computation of the coercion process) were not obtained with sentences in isolation (Experiment 1) or with sentences embedded in contexts that specified the nature of the activity performed over the complement NP (Experiment 2). It is argued that type-shifting verbs are similar to non-preferred verbs for given contexts and that type-shifting operations are pragmatic inferences computed over underspecified semantic representations. 相似文献
133.
This study aims at verifying whether Portuguese gender-inflected nouns and adjectives are represented as full forms as suggested by Spanish data (Dominguez, Cuetos, & Segui, 1999). A series of lexical decision experiments is reported. Grammatical gender, frequency dominance, and grammatical category are manipulated and cumulative frequency is controlled. The results do not provide support for a full form representation of gender-inflected words. They suggest that grammatical category, or the nature of the inflectional process involved (lexical or syntactic), affects the way words are represented and accessed. Shorter recognition latencies were obtained for nouns drawn from Feminine dominant gender-inflected pairs than from Masculine dominant pairs whereas a tendency in the opposite direction was observed in adjectives. The effect of frequency dominance appears, nevertheless, to be restricted to feminine nouns. The data are compatible with the view that masculine nouns and adjectives are represented as gender-unmarked forms. These results are discussed in relation to current dual-access models of word recognition and to the notion of "interpretability" of lexico-syntactic features, as put forward in the Minimalist Program of Generative Linguistics. 相似文献
134.
Loureiro Cde S Braga LW Souza Ldo N Nunes Filho G Queiroz E Dellatolas G 《Brain and language》2004,89(3):499-502
Phonological and metaphonological skills are explored in 97 Brazilian illiterate and semiliterate adults. A simple letter- and word-reading task was used to define the degree of illiteracy. Phonemic awareness was strongly dependent on the level of letter and word reading ability. Phonological memory was very low in illiterates and unrelated to letter knowledge. Rhyme identification was relatively preserved in illiterates and semiliterates, and unrelated to letter and word reading level. Phonetic discrimination (minimal pairs) was fairly good and marginally related to reading ability. These results suggest that phonological sensitivity, phonological memory, rhyme identification, and phonemic awareness are distinctive cognitive processes, and that only phonemic awareness is clearly and strongly dependent on the alphabetical acquisition. 相似文献
135.
We argue that a general control process, responsible for the activation and maintenance of task goals, is central to the concept of executive function. Failures of this process can become manifest as goal neglect: disregard of a task requirement even though it has been understood (Duncan, 1995). We discuss the results of several published and new experiments using various versions of the antisaccade task in order to investigate the circumstances under which goal neglect is likely to occur. Potentially conflicting results in the literature on adaptive control of saccadic eye movements are argued to be attributable to the extent to which different task versions elicit goal neglect. The results suggest an increased susceptibility to goal neglect of high-functioning older adults (Experiment 1) and of first-episode schizophrenia patients (Experiment 2), but not of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (Experiment 3). However, the degree to which such differences in susceptibility become manifest in task performance, is shown to be strongly influenced by manipulations of the relative saliency of task requirements. Theoretical and methodological implications for the study of executive function are discussed. 相似文献
136.
137.
We present a computational model for human texture perception which assigns functional principles to the Gestalt laws of similarity and proximity. Motivated by early vision mechanisms, in the first stage, local texture features are extracted by utilizing multi-scale filtering and nonlinear spatial pooling. In the second stage, features are grouped according to the spatial feature binding model of the competitive layer model (CLM; Wersing et al. 2001). The CLM uses cooperative and competitive interactions in a recurrent network, where binding is expressed by the layer-wise coactivation of feature-representing neurons. The Gestalt law of similarity is expressed by a non-Euclidean distance measure in the abstract feature space with proximity being taken into account by a spatial component. To choose the stimulus dimensions which allow the most salient similarity-based texture segmentation, the feature similarity metrics is reduced to the directions of maximum variance. We show that our combined texture feature extraction and binding model performs segmentation in strong conformity with human perception. The examples range from classical microtextures and Brodatz textures to other classical Gestalt stimuli, which offer a new perspective on the role of texture for more abstract similarity grouping. 相似文献
138.
Beatrice?M.?de?OcaEmail author Michael?S.?Fanselow 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2004,39(4):318-333
Defensive responses to a cat were observed in rats given excitotoxic lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe),
dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG), ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG), or sham lesions. Rats were placed adjacent to
a compartment containing a cat. Sham-lesioned rats avoided the area nearest the cat and preferred the area furthest away from
the cat. They also exhibited numerous defensive responses including, climbing, escape from the apparatus, and freezing. Rats
with lesions of the ACe reacted like the sham lesioned rats by preferring the area of the apparatus furthest from the cat,
however they climbed and escaped significantly less than sham lesioned rats. Avoidance of the area adjacent to the cat was
attenuated in rats with lesions of the vPAG. Climbing along the walls of the apparatus was also attenuated in rats with lesions
of the vPAG. Escapes from the apparatus were not significantly reduced by lesions of the vPAG and dlPAG. Thus, ACe lesions
attenuated climbing and eliminated escapes, but did not impair locomotion of the rat away from the cat. 相似文献
139.
Exposing different sense modalities (like sight, hearing or touch) to repeated simultaneous but spatially discordant stimulations generally causes recalibration of localization processes in one or both of the involved modalities, which is manifested through aftereffects. These provide opportunities for determining the extent of the changes induced by the exposure. Taking the so-called ventriloquism situation, in which synchronized sounds and light flashes are delivered in different locations, we examine if auditory recalibration produced by exposing tones of one frequency to attraction by discordant light flashes generalizes to different frequencies. Contrary to an earlier report, generalization was obtained across two octaves. This result did not depend on which modality attention was forced on through catch trials during exposure. Implications concerning the functional site of recalibration are briefly discussed. 相似文献
140.
A downward extension of a Dutch version of Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was tested in a Flemish sample of 880 1st to 3rd graders (Mage = 7.18 years, SD = 0.80). In 2nd and 3rd graders, 5 SPPC factors were identified; in 1st graders only 4 were identified. Support was found for the equivalence of structure and measurement for 2nd and 3rd grades and for boys and girls. Most scales possessed reasonable to good internal consistency for these groups. The results support the multidimensionality of self-concept responses for young children and the improving of the distinctiveness of SPPC factors with age. Young children seem to have an ability to verbalize concepts of their global self-worth that can be tapped by self-report measures. 相似文献