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71.
How does the affective nature of task stimuli modulate working memory (WM)? This study investigates whether WM maintains emotional information in a biased manner to meet the motivational principle of approaching positivity and avoiding negativity by retaining more approach-related positive content over avoidance-related negative content. This bias may exist regardless of individual differences in WM functionality, as indexed by WM capacity (overall bias hypothesis). Alternatively, this bias may be contingent on WM capacity (capacity-based hypothesis), in which a better WM system may be more likely to reveal an adaptive bias. In two experiments, participants performed change localisation tasks with emotional and non-emotional stimuli to estimate the number of items that they could retain for each of those stimuli. Although participants did not seem to remember one type of emotional content (e.g. happy faces) better than the other type of emotional content (e.g. sad faces), there was a significant correlation between WM capacity and affective bias. Specifically, participants with higher WM capacity for non-emotional stimuli (colours or line-drawing symbols) tended to maintain more happy faces over sad faces. These findings demonstrated the presence of a “built-in” affective bias in WM as a function of its systematic limitations, favouring the capacity-based hypothesis. 相似文献
72.
This study examined the validity of a 14-item two-factor person–environment fit scale for creativity (PEFSC) to measure the personal and environmental components of creativity. A sample of 2,475 participants completed the PEFSC for evaluating the factor structure. For convergent, discriminant, and incremental validities, a subsample (N = 362) completed the creative self-efficacy scale, support for innovation subscale of the team climate inventory, and innovative behavior measure. Results indicated the two-factor correlated model showed a better goodness of fit than the one-factor model. Measurement invariance of PEFSC was observed across different genders and educational groups. Internal consistency reliabilities were satisfactory (α ≥ .87). The personal dimension indicated stronger associations with creative self-efficacy than with support for innovation, whereas the environmental dimension was related more closely to support for innovation than to creative self-efficacy. Incremental validity was confirmed by significant and additional explanations from PEFSC in predicting innovative behavior. These results consolidated the application of person–environment fit theoretical framework in creativity research. 相似文献
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Both humans and non‐human animals exhibit sensitivity to the approximate number of items in a visual array, as indexed by their performance in numerosity discrimination tasks, and even neonates can detect changes in numerosity. These findings are often interpreted as evidence for an innate ‘number sense’. However, recent simulation work has challenged this view by showing that human‐like sensitivity to numerosity can emerge in deep neural networks that build an internal model of the sensory data. This emergentist perspective posits a central role for experience in shaping our number sense and might explain why numerical acuity progressively increases over the course of development. Here we substantiate this hypothesis by introducing a progressive unsupervised deep learning algorithm, which allows us to model the development of numerical acuity through experience. We also investigate how the statistical distribution of numerical and non‐numerical features in natural environments affects the emergence of numerosity representations in the computational model. Our simulations show that deep networks can exhibit numerosity sensitivity prior to any training, as well as a progressive developmental refinement that is modulated by the statistical structure of the learning environment. To validate our simulations, we offer a refinement to the quantitative characterization of the developmental patterns observed in human children. Overall, our findings suggest that it may not be necessary to assume that animals are endowed with a dedicated system for processing numerosity, since domain‐general learning mechanisms can capture key characteristics others have attributed to an evolutionarily specialized number system. 相似文献
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父母教育观念类型对幼儿个性相关特质发展的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对大连地区6所幼儿园400名3￣6岁幼儿父母教育观念的问卷调查及教师对幼儿个性的测评,探讨了父母教育观念类型对幼儿个性相关特质发展的影响。结果显示:(1)运用聚类分析法,可将幼儿父母教育观念分为三类:积极型、不协调型和低标准型;(2)各种教育观念对幼儿个性发展存在着不同的影响。积极型有利于幼儿个性的发展,不协调型与低标准型不利幼儿个性的发展。 相似文献
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本文对我国最早的一部诗集《诗经》的文学心理学思想进行了初步探讨:一、《诗经》中的文学想象与联想,二、《诗经》中的情意描写,三、《诗经》中的人物性格描写。 相似文献
79.
过去30年来,关注身心保健和组织行为的心理学家都对人格心理学中的一个概念发生了兴趣,就是人格坚韧性（hardiness）,大量实证研究证明人格坚韧性可以有效地缓解生活应激给人们带来的身心不适,并有助于提高人们在各领域的工作表现。该文在回顾西方以往研究的基础上,介绍这一概念,以及这方面研究的不足之处,并提出在中国开展此项研究的思路。作为整体人格结构的一部分,人格坚韧性应该从人格“大五”或“大七”结构中探索。在中国已有研究发现,人格“大七”维度对身心健康有不同的影响,哪些维度构成人格坚韧性,这些问题有待进一步的研究 相似文献
80.
采用事件相关电位技术和语义启动范式,考察身体清洁刺激启动后对道德纯洁词加工的影响及其内在神经机制,探讨身体清洁信息与道德纯洁信息的认知加工特征。研究通过启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型在N400波幅和潜伏期上有无差异来进行判断。结果发现,启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型所诱发的N400成分差异显著,与非清洁词-道德纯洁词相比,清洁词-道德纯洁词所诱发了更小的N400波幅。结果表明:身体清洁词与道德纯洁词之间存在紧密的语义联结。身体清洁词启动后,个体更关注道德纯洁信息。 相似文献