从“金规则”看儒家伦理“仁”的思想体系的本质特征及其与基督教伦理的异同

《走向全球伦理宣言》的"金规则"("己所不欲,勿施与人")与儒家伦理相符,即"恕道",亦即"仁"的思想体系的本质特征。"己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人"是对"仁"的积极表述;"己所不欲,勿施与人"是对"仁"的消极表述。儒家的"仁爱"观与基督教的"圣爱"观都是普世之爱,由于二者的起源、发展方式不同,所以表现形式也不同。儒家的"仁爱"观与"敬"分不开,其极至状态为"四海之内,合敬同爱"。     

The impact of emotional expressions on children’s trust judgments

Research on the development of selective trust has shown that young children do not indiscriminately trust all potential informants. They are likely to seek and endorse information from individuals who have proven competent or benign in the past. However, research on trust among adults raises the possibility that children might also be influenced by the emotions expressed by potential informants. In particular, they might trust individuals expressing more positive emotion. Indeed, young children’s trust in particular informants based on their past behaviour might be undermined by their currently expressed emotions. To examine this possibility, we tested the selective trust of fifty 4- and 5-year-olds in two steps. We first confirmed that children are likely to invest more trust in individuals expressing more positive emotion. We then showed that even if children have already formed an impression of two potential informants based on their behavioural record, their choices about whose claims to trust are markedly influenced by the degree of positive emotion currently expressed by the two informants. By implication, the facial emotions expressed by potential informants can undermine young children’s selective trust based on the behavioural record of those informants.     

学龄早期Asperger综合症儿童行为问题和注意、行为抑制功能研究

研究采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(父母用表)和注意、行为抑制及动作协调性行为任务对12名学龄早期的Asperger综合征儿童与29名在年龄及智力水平上与之匹配的正常儿童在行为问题、注意、行为抑制及动作协调等方面进行了比较.结果发现,在控制了年龄和智力因素后:1)Asperger综合征儿童的社会能力与正常儿童相比明显较差,同时常伴随有交往不良、社交退缩、焦虑、忧郁、强迫性、攻击性和多动等一系列行为问题;2)Asperger综合征儿童表现出一定的注意和行为抑制障碍,动作的协调性和灵活性较差.     

组合原则

组合原则是逻辑语义学的基本原则,表现为函项的思想和句法与语义的对应。就构造逻辑系统而言,组合原则是一种方法论。作为延伸到自然语言形式语义学的产物,组合原则起到一种核心灵魂的作用。组合原则在理论层面和应用领域皆获得一些有价值的结果。自然语言违反组合原则的实例主要表现为歧义现象、语用因素和句法与语义不对应的情况,这正是调整组合原则的适用条件从而促进形式语义学发展的契机。     

汉语致使句的形式处理

There are at least five kinds of causative constructions in Chinese, the constructions of the collocation of verbs and prepositional phrases, verb-copying constructions, “ba” constructions with an object ahead, verb-copying constructions with their complements, and pivotal constructions with commands. But the current type-logical grammar has no tools representing the meanings of causative constructions. It would be neither intuitive nor simple to describe these constructions by means of the current type-logical grammar. So we intend to improve the type-logical grammar by adding CAUSE as a logical constant, complementing the structure rules about the movement and addition or deletion of some components of causative constructions, assigning categories to Chinese nouns and prepositions; then we give an intuitive as well as simple analysis on these causative constructions. Based on this work we shall extend the multimodal system of type-logical grammar, increase structure postulates, make constraints on frame semantics, and then prove the soundness and completeness of that system.      

身体清洁启动后道德纯洁词加工的时间特征:来自ERPs的证据*

采用事件相关电位技术和语义启动范式,考察身体清洁刺激启动后对道德纯洁词加工的影响及其内在神经机制,探讨身体清洁信息与道德纯洁信息的认知加工特征。研究通过启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型在N400波幅和潜伏期上有无差异来进行判断。结果发现,启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型所诱发的N400成分差异显著,与非清洁词-道德纯洁词相比,清洁词-道德纯洁词所诱发了更小的N400波幅。结果表明:身体清洁词与道德纯洁词之间存在紧密的语义联结。身体清洁词启动后,个体更关注道德纯洁信息。     

Impaired directed forgetting in abstinent heroin addicts

Drug-related memories persist long into abstinence and are potent elicitors of drug craving and relapse. We report two experiments examining whether heroin-dependent individuals are impaired in intentionally suppressing drug-related memories. Experiment 1 adopted the Item paradigm where addicts and healthy controls were presented with a list of words each followed by a remember or forget cue. Experiment 2 adopted the List paradigm where they studied one list of items and were then split into a remember group and a forget group. Both groups studied a second list, except that the forget group was told to forget the first list. Compared with controls, addicts showed a reduced directed forgetting effect in the Item method and a total absence of one measure of directed forgetting in the List method (List 2 benefits). Results indicate that heroin addicts are impaired in directed forgetting and that the deficits are likely associated with memory encoding as opposed to retrieval. Possible problems include reduced ability in actively suppressing/stopping encoding of irrelevant information into memory or inability in changing/resetting encoding strategies. In neither experiment did the addicts show any differential directed forgetting effects between drug-related words and neutral words, indicating the generic nature of their intentional forgetting deficits.     

社会判断的选择通达理论

比较是社会判断的核心过程。近期,Mussweile提出了选择通达理论模型,该模型区分了比较中两个基本的假设过程,整合了比较中的多种结果,为人们更好地理解判断的本质提供了一个新视角。本文主要介绍了选择通达的过程、结果及其存在的普遍性,并讨论了参照点运用和选择通达机制之间的区别和联系。