四岁儿童的自我参照效应研究

本研究通过两个实验探讨4岁儿童的自我参照效应。实验1与实验2分别采用3(4岁、5岁与7岁儿童)×2(自我参照与他人参照)与2(3岁与4岁儿童)×2(自我参照与他人参照)的混合设计。120名被试对物品进行所有权(ownership)识别并报告"这是我的××"或"这是李明的××",然后将图片放入相应的纸盒并再次报告,两分钟后进行自由回忆。结果显示:(1)自我参照条件下4岁组、5岁组与7岁组儿童自由回忆率有显著差异,他人参照条件下没有差异;(2)自我参照条件下4岁组儿童的自由回忆率显著高于3岁组,他人参照条件下没有差异。这说明,4岁儿童已经具有自我参照效应,同时,随着年龄的增长,自我参照条件下的自由回忆率呈现递增趋势,表明儿童自我参照效应的发展性特点。     

触动觉对词汇学习和回忆的作用

本研究通过两个实验采用单因素被试内设计研究了触动觉对无意义词汇学习和回忆的作用。自变量设置了3 个水平,视觉学习—视觉回忆(水平1),视觉触动觉结合学习—视觉回忆(水平2),视觉触动觉结合学习—视觉触动觉结合回忆(水平3)。结果表明,在即时回忆条件下,触动觉对3字符词汇的学习和回忆都没有明显的促进作用。但是对5 字符词汇而言,在学习过程中,加入触动觉会明显提高学习成绩;在回忆过程中加不加触动觉对成绩影响不大。     

现代科学技术对大肠癌微转移诊断的推进作用及启示

大肠癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,转移和复发依然是影响大肠癌患者预后的重要因素,肿瘤细胞在血液、骨髓及淋巴结中的微转移是肿瘤转移和复发的基础;随着现代科学技术的发展,出现了通过逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)来检测细胞角蛋白20(CK20)mRNA的表达,从而诊断大肠癌微转移的高度敏感与特异的方法,并引发了关于如何看待事物、认识事物及如何科学思维的几点思考.     

3～5岁儿童独立性结构的验证性因素分析

独立性包括自我依靠、自我控制和自我主张。编制110个项目的儿童独立性问卷,进行项目筛选,保留47个项目。用47项目问卷,用另一样本验证性因素分析,用最大似然法,Amos修正,保留20个项目。再用另外两个样本验证问卷的合理性。多样本验证性因素分析结果支持了3～5岁儿童独立性包括自我依靠、自我控制和自我主张三维度的理论建构。     

内隐刻板印象研究方法进展

刻板印象的研究一直都是社会认知的重要组成部分,本文简要概述了刻板印象研究方法的进展,着重介绍了加工分离程序,基于反应时的范式,以及刻板印象解释偏差(SEB),并对今后认知神经科学研究进行了简述。     

长处和困难问卷研究

目的:建立儿童长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(教师用表)的上海地区常模,并对其进行信度和效度检验。方法:对上海市12所幼儿园和中小学校的2128名学生进行长处和困难问卷(教师用表)的评定,并对其中的47名预备班(6年级)学生间隔六周进行了再次评定。结果:对长处和困难问卷(教师用表)进行标准化,制定了上海地区常模。信度检验:问卷总分Cronbach的α系数为0.672;条目与因子分之间的相关系数在0.323-0.910(p<0.001)之间;间隔6周后问卷总分的重测信度为0.547,各因子的重测信度在0.404-0.640(p<0.01)之间,符合心理测量学的要求。结论:长处和困难问卷((教师用表)适合于上海地区儿童和青少年的行为评估。     

观察因果学习和自主探索对学前儿童因果推理的影响

本研究采取单因素完全随机实验设计,以94名学前末期儿童(66-74月龄)为被试,在控制证据顺序的条件下探究观察因果学习结果和自主探索结果对儿童因果推理的影响,结果发现:(1)在只获得观察学习结果或自主探索结果一种证据条件下,绝大多数儿童依据所获证据推断因果关系;(2)在获得观察学习结果和自主探索结果两种证据条件下,儿童能综合两类证据推断因果关系,其中自主探索结果对儿童因果推理的影响力大于观察学习结果。     

The malleability of executive function in early childhood: Effects of schooling and targeted training

Executive function (EF), its importance for scholastic achievement and the question of whether or not EF is malleable, have become a topic of intense interest. Education or schooling is often seen as effective approaches to enhance EF due to the specific school‐related requirements as compared to kindergarten or pre‐school. However, no study to date has investigated whether targeted training focusing on those domains might be comparable with regular schooling in improving EF and fluid intelligence (Gf). The aim of the present study was to replicate and extend the previously demonstrated schooling effects on EF by using a school‐cutoff design, and to further investigate whether a theoretically motivated intervention targeting specific EF, i.e., working memory (WM) or inhibitory control (IC), could achieve comparable effects with schooling in both, WM and IC, as well as Gf. 91 6‐year‐old kindergarteners and first‐graders with similar chronological age participated the study. We compared the performance of a first‐grade schooling group with that of two kindergarten training groups as well as a business‐as‐usual kindergarten control group. Participants were assessed in WM, IC and Gf at baseline, immediately after the intervention (posttest), as well as 3 months after training completion (follow‐up). The results showed that the schooling group indeed outperformed the kindergarten groups at baseline in several cognitive tasks. Furthermore, both the WM and IC training showed pronounced gains in the trained tasks, as well as varying degrees of improvement in non‐trained outcome measures. Most importantly, both training groups achieved comparable performance with the schooling group, which was especially apparent in Gf at follow‐up. Our findings provide further evidence for the malleability of EF demonstrating that both, long‐term and short‐term interventions can facilitate the acquisition of those important skills, and as such, our work has important implications for educational practice.     

母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系：父亲教养投入的中介作用

以597个核心家庭的父亲、母亲和青少年为研究对象,通过问卷调查探讨了母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系以及父亲教养投入在其中的中介作用。结果表明：（1）母亲开门行为正向预测父子依恋,母亲关门行为负向预测父子依恋;（2）母亲开门行为通过正向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋,而母亲关门行为通过负向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋。研究结果扩展了母亲守门行为的作用效果研究,对家庭教育实践具有一定的指导意义。     

Don't Get Too Excited: Assessing Individual Differences in the Down-Regulation of Positive Emotions

A voluminous literature has documented the importance of emotion regulation for health and well-being. The studies in this literature, however, have generally focused on the down-regulation of negative affect. Few studies have examined the down-regulation of positive affect. In Study 1, we constructed a scale, the revised Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale (r–RESE), which assesses both the down- and up-regulation of positive affect, in addition to the traditional down-regulation of negative affect. In Study 2, we conducted an extensive validation of the r–RESE scale, using a multimethod approach with informant ratings, to illustrate that the down-regulation of positive affect represents a process independent of each of the other forms of emotion regulation. In Study 3, we provided evidence that the ability to down-regulate positive emotions provides added predictive utility when predicting indexes of impulsivity and adjustment. Across the studies, we illustrate the potential importance of the down-regulation of positive emotions as a topic of study for the field of emotion regulation.