组合原则

组合原则是逻辑语义学的基本原则,表现为函项的思想和句法与语义的对应。就构造逻辑系统而言,组合原则是一种方法论。作为延伸到自然语言形式语义学的产物,组合原则起到一种核心灵魂的作用。组合原则在理论层面和应用领域皆获得一些有价值的结果。自然语言违反组合原则的实例主要表现为歧义现象、语用因素和句法与语义不对应的情况,这正是调整组合原则的适用条件从而促进形式语义学发展的契机。     

汉语致使句的形式处理

There are at least five kinds of causative constructions in Chinese, the constructions of the collocation of verbs and prepositional phrases, verb-copying constructions, “ba” constructions with an object ahead, verb-copying constructions with their complements, and pivotal constructions with commands. But the current type-logical grammar has no tools representing the meanings of causative constructions. It would be neither intuitive nor simple to describe these constructions by means of the current type-logical grammar. So we intend to improve the type-logical grammar by adding CAUSE as a logical constant, complementing the structure rules about the movement and addition or deletion of some components of causative constructions, assigning categories to Chinese nouns and prepositions; then we give an intuitive as well as simple analysis on these causative constructions. Based on this work we shall extend the multimodal system of type-logical grammar, increase structure postulates, make constraints on frame semantics, and then prove the soundness and completeness of that system.      

中小学教师的职业压力源研究

以北京市5255名中小学教师为被试,研究考察了中小学教师职业压力源的表现特点。结果发现:(1)中小学教师职业压力源的五个因素,即工作负荷、学生学业、社会及学校评价、专业发展及学生问题所带来的压力,能够较好地解释教师职业压力源问卷的结构效度。(2)随着教龄的增加,教师面临的各种压力表现出增加的趋势,11～15年教龄段的教师感知到最大的压力,之后逐渐减少。(3)小学教师感受到的各项压力明显高于中学教师。学生问题如安全、行为问题是小学教师主要的压力源,而中学教师的压力更多来源于学生学业,特别是考试压力。     

身体清洁启动后道德纯洁词加工的时间特征:来自ERPs的证据*

采用事件相关电位技术和语义启动范式,考察身体清洁刺激启动后对道德纯洁词加工的影响及其内在神经机制,探讨身体清洁信息与道德纯洁信息的认知加工特征。研究通过启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型在N400波幅和潜伏期上有无差异来进行判断。结果发现,启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型所诱发的N400成分差异显著,与非清洁词-道德纯洁词相比,清洁词-道德纯洁词所诱发了更小的N400波幅。结果表明:身体清洁词与道德纯洁词之间存在紧密的语义联结。身体清洁词启动后,个体更关注道德纯洁信息。     

语素意识、语音意识和快速命名在学前儿童言语能力发展中的预测作用:来自追踪研究的证据*

为探讨语素意识、语音意识和快速命名三种认知技能对汉语儿童口语词汇、汉字识别和阅读理解等言语能力发展的预测作用,本研究对74名学前儿童进行了一年半的追踪测查,结果发现:(1) 学前儿童的各项认知技能和言语能力随时间均有显著提高;(2)在控制了因变量的自回归效应和其他两种认知技能后,语音意识对一年半后的口语词汇成绩仍有独特的解释作用,快速命名能预测一年半后的汉字识别成绩,而语素意识是解释一年半后儿童汉字识别和阅读理解能力发展的重要变量。     

Impaired directed forgetting in abstinent heroin addicts

Drug-related memories persist long into abstinence and are potent elicitors of drug craving and relapse. We report two experiments examining whether heroin-dependent individuals are impaired in intentionally suppressing drug-related memories. Experiment 1 adopted the Item paradigm where addicts and healthy controls were presented with a list of words each followed by a remember or forget cue. Experiment 2 adopted the List paradigm where they studied one list of items and were then split into a remember group and a forget group. Both groups studied a second list, except that the forget group was told to forget the first list. Compared with controls, addicts showed a reduced directed forgetting effect in the Item method and a total absence of one measure of directed forgetting in the List method (List 2 benefits). Results indicate that heroin addicts are impaired in directed forgetting and that the deficits are likely associated with memory encoding as opposed to retrieval. Possible problems include reduced ability in actively suppressing/stopping encoding of irrelevant information into memory or inability in changing/resetting encoding strategies. In neither experiment did the addicts show any differential directed forgetting effects between drug-related words and neutral words, indicating the generic nature of their intentional forgetting deficits.     

Development of Infant High-Intensity Fear and Fear Regulation from 6 to 24 Months: Maternal Sensitivity and Depressive Symptoms as Moderators

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - This study tested bidirectional relations between infant high-intensity fear and fear regulation over 1.5 years, and maternal sensitivity...     

Maternal Emotion Socialization and Child Outcomes among African Americans and European Americans

Mothers’ emotion socialization practices are very important for children’s later outcomes; however, we know very little about how these practices may lead to different outcomes for European American (EA) and African American (AA) children. In the current study, maternal emotion socialization practices were investigated in relation to child emotion-related outcomes in 122 pairs of mothers and preschool-age children, and differences in associations were examined for EA and AA families. Mothers were assessed for their expressions of positive emotion with their child and their responses to their child’s negative emotions, including support of sadness/fear and magnification of anger, when children were 3. Children were assessed for their expression of positive emotion with their mother and their internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors when they were 4. When ethnicity was included as a moderator, results revealed that when AA mothers expressed more positive emotion, their children were also more positive 1 year later. Additionally, as AA mothers provided greater support for their children’s sadness/fear, these children tended to have fewer later internalizing problems. Finally, when AA mothers responded with more magnification of their children’s anger, these children tended to have greater internalizing and externalizing problems 1 year later. These associations were not found for EA families. Results highlighted differential effects based on the type of support provided by mothers and the role that mothers played in encouraging or suppressing their child’s expressions. The overall findings highlight the need to consider maternal emotion socialization from a culturally-informed perspective.     

森田疗法与认知行为疗法的比较分析

阐述森田疗法和认知行为疗法的基本理论,在此基础上对两种疗法作比较分析。尽管这两种心理治疗方法在治疗程序和具体操作方法上迥然不同,但在发病机制的解释和治疗原理方面,它们又有很多相似之处,对存在这种现象的原因进行了探讨。