Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals

Numerous studies have documented cognitive impairments and hypoactivity in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in drug users. However, the relationships between opiate dependence and brain structure changes in heroin users are largely unknown. In the present study, we measured the density of gray matter (DGM) with voxel-based morphometry in 30 lifetime heroin-dependent individuals who had abstained from drug use for 5 months, and 34 healthy participants. The DGM of the prefrontal, temporal and cingulate cortices significantly decreased in heroin addicts relative to the healthy group. Critically, partial correlation analysis, which controlled for age, education and gender factors as well as nicotine use and heroin abstinence duration, showed that the duration of heroin use negatively correlated with the DGM in heroin-dependent individuals. These results provide compelling evidence for structural abnormality in heroin-dependent individuals and further suggest that duration of heroin use is a critical factor leading to brain damage.     

幼儿幽默感结构和发展特点

采用开放式问卷、个案观察和理论推导相结合的方法,自编3～5岁幼儿幽默感教师评定问卷,通过因素分析研究3～5岁幼儿幽默感的结构.结果表明:3～5岁幼儿幽默感包括幽默理解、幽默应对和幽默创造三个维度;所编制的3～5岁幼儿幽默感教师评定问卷具有较高的信度和效度;3～5岁幼儿幽默感随年龄增长逐渐上升,且存在显著的性别差异.     

Binocularity and visual search—Revisited

Binocular rivalry is a phenomenon of visual competition in which perception alternates between two monocular images. When two eye’s images only differ in luminance, observers may perceive shininess, a form of rivalry called binocular luster. Does dichoptic information guide attention in visual search? Wolfe and Franzel (Perception & Psychophysics, 44(1), 81–93, 1988) reported that rivalry could guide attention only weakly, but that luster (shininess) “popped out,” producing very shallow Reaction Time (RT) × Set Size functions. In this study, we have revisited the topic with new and improved stimuli. By using a checkerboard pattern in rivalry experiments, we found that search for rivalry can be more efficient (16 ms/item) than standard, rivalrous grating (30 ms/item). The checkerboard may reduce distracting orientation signals that masked the salience of rivalry between simple orthogonal gratings. Lustrous stimuli did not pop out when potential contrast and luminance artifacts were reduced. However, search efficiency was substantially improved when luster was added to the search target. Both rivalry and luster tasks can produce search asymmetries, as is characteristic of guiding features in search. These results suggest that interocular differences that produce rivalry or luster can guide attention, but these effects are relatively weak and can be hidden by other features like luminance and orientation in visual search tasks.     

中学生颜色内隐学习特征的实验研究

该研究以48名中学生为被试,分别用色块串和色词串为材料,设时间变量（单元）以了解学习的详细进程,研究了中学生颜色内隐和外显学习的特点。结果发现：（1）非言语材料（色块）较言语材料（色词）更适合于内隐加工;（2）时间变量上整体呈递增趋势,称长时功效。内隐学习的长时功效在教学上有重要意义;（3）指导语上存在主效应,内隐学习优于外显学习,即内隐学习在不同材料上的优势效应依然存在。     

青少年的社会支持系统与自尊的关系

采用典型相关分析方法对502名青少年的社会支持系统与自尊的关系进行研究,结果表明,在影响自尊的因素中,有29．8％是可以由青少年所感知的社会支持系统所解释的。母亲、父亲、朋友和教师的肯定与支持、冲突与惩罚、陪伴与亲密及满意度等功能分别可以解释青少年的家庭自尊、整体自尊、学业自尊、人际自尊和外貌自尊的8．5％、8．596、5．8％和7％。而社会支持功能与青少年的利他自尊和运动能力的自尊没有显著相关。     

人格与青少年犯罪的关系研究

简要介绍了有关青少年犯罪的人格理论,然后按照研究中所采用的不同的人格测量工具：明尼苏达多相人格测验、艾森克人格问卷、卡特尔16项人格因素测验和加利福尼亚人格问卷,以及大五人格问卷分类综述了近10年来人格与青少年犯罪的关系研究。近五年的研究主要采用大五人格结构,将变量中心法和个体中心法相结合,以及将人格和环境因素相结合来研究人格对青少年犯罪的影响作用。进一步的研究需要在人格测量和研究设计上予以改进,深入揭示人格对青少年犯罪的影响机制     

青少年亲子沟通的研究

亲子沟通是亲子关系研究中的一个重要方向。近20年来,国外在此领域已经涌现大量的研究成果。该文主要从亲子沟通的理论、影响因素、测量及其与青少年发展之间的关系等进行综述,并在此基础上提出了未来的研究方向,旨在为我国亲子沟通的深入研究提供借鉴。     

Olfaction is a Marker of Severity but Not Diagnosis in Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Neuropsychology Review - Researchers have examined if olfaction is a sensitive biomarker of anorexia nervosa, but considerable heterogeneity across studies makes it difficult to reach a consensus....     

Take a risk or proceed with caution: Prevention motivation moderates responses to near-loss events

A persistently pressing issue identified in the decision-making literature is that people not only fail to recognize the risks entailed in a near-loss event but also subsequently engage in further risk-taking. We contend in this paper that prevention motivation critically regulates decision-makers' responses to a near-loss. Across three studies, we found that high prevention-focused individuals perceive greater risks in a near-loss event and are subsequently less likely to take risks, compared with low prevention-focused individuals. This finding highlights the significance of applying a motivational perspective to studying decision-making and risk.     

论价值澄清模式及其对我国学校德育的启示

价值澄清模式是20世纪六七十年代以来在西方学校德育中广泛使用的模式之一。其主要理论观点包括三阶段七步骤八功能;主要方法有价值澄清应答法、价值表填写法和价值延续体法等;其显著特点是凸显学生的主体性,具有很强的可操作性等,但也存在着陷入价值相对主义的窠臼、忽略教育目标和内容、忽略社会主导价值观等明显缺陷。价值澄清模式对我国学校德育具有一定的启示意义。