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431.
Gerald R. Patterson Daniel S. Shaw James J. Snyder Karen Yoerger 《Aggressive behavior》2005,31(5):473-484
Maternal ratings of overt and covert forms of aggression were collected for two samples of children ranging in age from 2 through 12 years. It was hypothesized that longitudinal analyses would show the slope scores for these two forms of aggression to be quite different from each other. The data were consistent with this hypothesis. An effort was made to find alternative explanations for the negative slope for overt antisocial behavior. Alternatively, it was hypothesized that the more extreme cases would not show this negative slope. It was also hypothesized that careful examination of intraindividual curves would identify a significant number of individuals growing from normal to clinical levels of overt antisocial behavior. The findings led to the rejection of both alternative hypotheses. It was hypothesized that overt and covert scores would correlate significantly for first grade boys. It was also assumed that both covert and overt scores would show moderate stability over the 5‐year interval. The findings were consistent with both of these hypotheses. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–12, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
432.
Lunkenheimer ES Dishion TJ Shaw DS Connell AM Gardner F Wilson MN Skuban EM 《Developmental psychology》2008,44(6):1737-1752
The authors examined the longitudinal effects of the Family Check-Up (FCU) on parents' positive behavior support and children's school readiness competencies in early childhood. It was hypothesized that the FCU would promote language skills and inhibitory control in children at risk for behavior problems as an indirect outcome associated with targeted improvements in parents' positive behavior support. High-risk families in the Women, Infants, and Children Nutrition Program participated in a multisite preventive intervention study (N = 731) with 3 yearly assessments beginning at child age 2 years. Positive behavior support was measured using 4 indicators derived from at-home observations of parent-child interaction during semistructured tasks. Longitudinal structural equation models revealed that parents in families randomly assigned to the FCU showed improvements in positive behavior support from child age 2 to 3, which in turn promoted children's inhibitory control and language development from age 3 to 4, accounting for child gender, ethnicity, and parental education. Findings suggest that a brief, ecological preventive intervention supporting positive parenting practices can indirectly foster key facets of school readiness in children at risk. 相似文献
433.
The purpose of the present study was to examine relations among multiple child and family protective factors, neighborhood disadvantage, and positive social adjustment in a sample of 226 urban, low SES boys followed from infancy to early adolescence. The results indicated that child IQ, nurturant parenting, and parent-child relationship quality, measured in early childhood, were all significantly associated with a composite measure tapping low levels of antisocial behavior and high levels of social skills at ages 11 and 12. Parental romantic partner relationship quality (RPRQ) was only significantly related to positive social adjustment in the context of low levels of neighborhood disadvantage. Results suggest that with the exception of RPRQ, these protective factors operate in a comparable manner with respect to positive social adjustment for this predominantly low-income urban sample of boys. 相似文献
434.
Linking form and motion in the primate brain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Understanding dynamic events entails the integration of information about form and motion that is crucial for fast and successful interactions in complex environments. A striking example of our sensitivity to dynamic information is our ability to recognize animate figures by the way they move and infer motion from still images. Accumulating evidence for form and motion interactions contrasts with the traditional dissociation between shape and motion-related processes in the ventral and dorsal visual pathways. By combining findings from physiology and brain imaging it can be demonstrated that the primate brain converts information about spatiotemporal sequences into meaningful actions through interactions between early and higher visual areas processing form and motion and frontal-parietal circuits involved in the understanding of actions. 相似文献
435.
Misconceptions about basic genetic concepts and inheritance patterns may be widespread in the general population. This paper
investigates understandings of genetics, illness causality and inheritance among British Pakistanis referred to a UK genetics
clinic. During participant observation of genetics clinic consultations and semi-structured interviews in Urdu or English
in respondents’ homes, we identified an array of environmental, behavioral and spiritual understandings of the causes of medical
and intellectual problems. Misconceptions about the location of genetic information in the body and of genetic mechanisms
of inheritance were common, reflected the range of everyday theories observed for White British patients and included the
belief that a child receives more genetic material from the father than the mother. Despite some participants’ conversational
use of genetic terminology, some patients had assimilated genetic information in ways that conflict with genetic theory with
potentially serious clinical consequences. Additionally, skepticism of genetic theories of illness reflected a rejection of
a dominant discourse of genetic risk that stigmatizes cousin marriages. Patients referred to genetics clinics may not easily
surrender their lay or personal theories about the causes of their own or their child’s condition and their understandings
of genetic risk. Genetic counselors may need to identify, work with and at times challenge patients’ understandings of illness
causality and inheritance. 相似文献
436.
Yohimbine impairs extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference in an alpha2-adrenergic receptor independent process 下载免费PDF全文
Davis AR Shields AD Brigman JL Norcross M McElligott ZA Holmes A Winder DG 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(9):667-676
Extinction, a form of learning that has the ability to reshape learned behavior based on new experiences, has been heavily studied utilizing fear learning paradigms. Mechanisms underlying extinction of positive-valence associations, such as drug self-administration and place preference, are poorly understood yet may have important relevance to addiction treatment. Data suggest a major role for the noradrenergic system in extinction of fear-based learning. Employing both pharmacological and genetic approaches, we investigated the role of the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2)-AR) in extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) and glutamatergic transmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). We found that pre-extinction systemic treatment with the alpha(2)-AR antagonist yohimbine impaired cocaine CPP extinction in C57BL/6J mice, an effect that was not mimicked by the more selective alpha(2)-AR antagonist, atipamezole. Moreover, alpha(2A)-AR knockout mice exhibited similar cocaine CPP extinction and exacerbated extinction impairing effects of yohimbine. Using acute brain slices and electrophysiological approaches, we found that yohimbine produces a slowly evolving depression of glutamatergic transmission in the BNST that was not mimicked by atipamezole. Further, this action was extant in slices from alpha(2A)-AR knockout mice. Our data strongly suggest that extinction-modifying effects of yohimbine are unlikely to be due to actions at alpha(2A)-ARs. 相似文献
437.
438.
Jennifer O’Neil Melvin N. Wilson Daniel S. Shaw Thomas J. Dishion 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(6):643-652
We examined the relationship between parental efficacy and depressive symptoms in a diverse sample of low income mothers.
The sample consisted of 607 European American, African American, and Hispanic mothers who participated in The Early Steps
Project, a multi-site, longitudinal, preventative intervention study. Parental efficacy was found to be significantly associated
with depressive symptoms in the entire sample of low income mothers. Ethnicity moderated results, however, such that parental
efficacy was significantly associated with depressive symptoms for European American mothers but was not for the African American
and Hispanic mothers. Ethnic differences in the various categories of depressive symptoms (i.e., total, somatic, and psychological)
were also explored, with the results showing that African American mothers reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than
both European American and Hispanic mothers in each of the categories. The theoretical and clinical implications of these
results are discussed. 相似文献
439.
Frances Gardner Daniel S Shaw Thomas J Dishion Jennifer Burton Lauren Supplee 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(3):398-406
Despite knowledge of early pathways to conduct problems, few preventive interventions are specifically designed to modify disruptive behavior in toddlerhood. One potential prevention target is proactive and positive parenting, which is associated with reduced risk of conduct problems in preschoolers. This randomized trial with 120 low-income 2-year-old boys examined whether a brief family-centered intervention that reduces disruptive behavior (D. Shaw, T. Dishion, L. Supplee, F. Gardner, & K. Arnds, 2006) also leads to increases in proactive and positive parenting. It also explored whether change in parenting predicts change in disruptive behavior. In the intervention group, proactive and positive parenting skills increased among parents of 3-year-olds. Change in proactive and positive parenting of 2- to 3-year-old toddlers correlated with change in child disruptive behavior, although the mediation effect of positive parenting was of only borderline significance. Findings suggest that even within a brief and multifaceted preventive intervention, change in proactive parenting skills contributes modestly but significantly to change in child problem behavior. 相似文献
440.
The present study is the first study undertaken in Australia that seeks to explore practitioners’ perspectives on the use of clinical supervision in their therapeutic engagement with asylum seekers and refugees. We used thematic analysis to analyse extracts of interviews that were conducted with nine professionals who worked therapeutically with asylum seekers and refugees and had experience of participating in individual and peer supervision. The findings of the study suggest that supervision encouraged practitioners to develop multicultural awareness and explore therapeutic ways of working that are compatible with their clients’ frame. In addition, supervision provided the context in which practitioners explored the impact of the asylum legislative framework on their clinical work and reflected upon their feelings of powerlessness and political impotence. Implications for practice that derive from supervisory needs of practitioners who work with asylum seekers and refugees are explored. 相似文献