Locus of control and biofeedback: a review of the literature.

This paper first reviews studies which have investigated the efficacy of using locus of control orientation to predict performance in various modes of biofeedback. However, contradictory evidence and methodological problems make it impossible to draw any conclusions regarding the connection between internality-externality and biofeedback performance. Second, various attempts to modify externality through biofeedback treatment are reviewed. Although EMG feedback can apparently be used to shift locus of control in an internal direction, there are some major issues that need to be resolved. Of primary importance is the fact that the rationale for modifying externality is based on an unproven assumption that externality has a role in the causation of various undesirable behaviors. Also, as no follow-up testing has been done, there is no evidence that the EMG biofeedback causes relatively permanent, stable locus of control changes. If the shifts are only temporary, then its use as a modifier of externality is questionable.     

熟悉性对外群体同质性效应的影响

两个实验考查了年龄和性别群体中是否存在外群体同质性效应以及熟悉性对该种效应的影响。结果表明：1．年龄群体中存在明显的外群体同质性效应,这与青年群体和老年群体彼此不够熟悉有关;2．性别群体中不存在外群体同质性效应,这与青年男女群体彼此较为熟悉有关。     

The mental health care revolution. Will psychology survive?

Managed mental health care, which encompasses a wide variety of approaches, is a response to precipitous increases in health care expenditures, particularly as they relate to mental health care. The shift from what seemed certain to become a national health insurance program only 15 years ago to the profit-driven corporate health care industry of today is truly revolutionary. These profound changes are beginning to have a major impact on the independent practices of psychologists. In this article, psychologist practitioners are exhorted to recognize this new development in the marketplace. Data are cited that show the rapid shift from free choice care to various forms of managed care, and practitioners are urged to participate in shaping the changes that are now in process in order to develop a humane and effective system of mental health care.