传统齐鲁文化与当代山东书风

从先齐的东夷族到春秋战国,优越的地理环境下相对发达的社会经济催生了相对先进的传统齐鲁文化,它影响了齐鲁书家的文化选择和书法实践,促使古代山东属地成为中国书法的重镇,也促使古代山东书法地域风格的形成,它超时空的丰厚思想内容和润物无声的文化穿透力,也同样影响了建国后当代山东书法地域风格的形成和发展。     

抽象与立象:普遍性追寻的两种道路

西方哲学在生存论上以视觉的“看”为优先,所建立的范畴(“相”)相应于“看”而更注重形式性,注重存在的“明”性(清楚明白性),通达“相”的道路则是以分离为特征的“抽象”;中国哲学在生存论上以整个人的“感”为优先,所建立的范畴(“象”)相应于“感”而更注重形式质料统一,注重世界“幽”与“明”的统一性,通达“象”的道路是“立象”、“取象”。两种通达普遍性的道路不同,所达到的“普遍性”的内涵也不尽相同。     

科学与宗教关系的几个问题

一、明确科学和宗教的涵义科学与宗教的关系历来是一个重大的话题,也是一个十分复杂的问题。长期以来,科学与宗教关系的讨论之所以分歧很大,首先在于参与讨论的主体自身的世界观和方法论存在着差异;其次,对于什么是科学,什么是宗教这些基本概念认识上和使用上也不统一。如果参与讨论者在这两个基本问题上达不成共识,讨论引发的根本分歧是不可能弥合的。在无神论学会的会议上讨论科学与宗教的关系问题,应该说在世界观和方法论上,大家基本上趋于一致。但同时也要对什么是科学,什么是宗教加以科学界定,尽可能形成共识,在此基础上才能展开深入的研究。     

Understanding print: early reading development and the contributions of home literacy experiences

This study explored the development of children's early understanding of visual and orthographic aspects of print and how this is related to early reading acquisition. A total of 474 children, ages 48 to 83 months, completed standardized measures of phonological awareness and early reading skills. They also completed experimental tasks that tapped their understanding of what constitutes "readable" print. The parents of participants completed a questionnaire regarding their children's home literacy experiences. The data showed systematic development in children's understanding of print conventions and English orthography and spelling. Regression analyses indicated that print knowledge was related to early reading skill, even after accounting for variance due to age and phonological awareness. Furthermore, parents' ratings of the extent of their children's involvement in activities that led to practice in reading and writing most consistently predicted the development of emerging literacy skills, including understanding of the conventions of the English writing system. Little relation between print knowledge and the frequency of storybook reading by adults was observed.     

Role conflict and ambiguity of CEOs in international joint ventures: a transaction cost perspective

Insights from transaction cost economics were used to study the boundary conditions underlying the role conflict and ambiguity of 265 CEOs in Chinese-based international joint ventures. Role conflict and ambiguity were lower when the contract between parents was more complete. Contract completeness fully mediated the effects of parent objective gap and parent formalization on role ambiguity but only partially so in the case of role conflict. Role conflict was lower when the foreign parent was dominant in the venture but higher when the local parent was dominant. Role conflict and ambiguity were inversely related to cultural distance. Neither construct had a detrimental effect on international joint venture performance. Implications for role theory are discussed.     

老子与道教

老子认为,为学是求知识,为道是求智慧.真正的智慧是超理性、超逻辑的一种体验方式,只有通过为道的方法才能悟道.老子的道,与基督教的上帝是极其接近的概念.道是非人格化、非神的上帝,而上帝是人格化的、神圣化的道.道最初是一个哲学概念,表示规律、法则,但它潜在着一种被神化的内涵.一旦社会有了需要,它可以转变为一种宗教的核心理念.例如在道教中,老子为道的方法发展成为道教修行的方法,老子的<道德经>演绎成道教各类经书.     

英语语法规则获得与迁移的智力技能研究

选取451名高中生为被试,以强调句型语法为研究内容,采取教师教学、产生式规则和专家思维编制的实验材料,探讨了英语语法规则获得早、中期阶段促进规则获得的手段。在前面实验的基础上,选取298名高中生,以定语从句为研究内容,运用产生式规则、专家思维和练习编制的不同学习材料,采取随机区组设计,探讨了英语语法规则获得后期阶段的智力技能研究。通过研究得到如下结论：在语法规则获得的早中期阶段,产生式样例有助于学生智力技能的获得,同时也有助于所获得技能的迁移;在智力技能获得的后期阶段,专家样例有利于学生形成专家头脑中的图式,有助于学生实现有关智力技能的自动化。     

Community engagement,greening, and violent crime: A test of the greening hypothesis and Busy Streets

Researchers have documented that vacant lot greening can reduce community-level crime and violence. Busy Streets Theory (BST) suggests that residents who are involved in the greening process can help to improve physical environments and build social connections that deter crime and violence. Yet few researchers have explored how community engagement in the greening process may affect crime and violence outcomes. We applied BST to test the effects of community-engaged vacant lot greening compared to vacant lots that received either professional mowing or no treatment, on the density of violent crime around study lots. Using mixed effects regression models, we analyzed trends in violent crime density over the summer months from 2016 to 2018 at 2102 street segments in Youngstown, OH. These street segments fell within 150 meters of an intervention parcel that was classified as one of three conditions: community-engaged maintenance, professional mowing, or no treatment (control). We found that street segments in areas receiving community-engaged maintenance or professional mowing experienced greater declines in violent crime density than street segments in areas receiving no treatment, and more decline occurred in the community-engaged condition compared to the professional mow condition. Our findings support BST and suggest that community-engaged greening of vacant lots in postindustrial cities with a concentrated vacancy can reduce crime and violence.     

The Role of Subsidies in Coordination Games with Interconnected Risk

Can subsidies promote Pareto‐optimum coordination? We found that partially subsidizing the cooperative actions for two out of six players in a laboratory coordination game usually produced better coordination and higher total social welfare with both deterministic and stochastic payoffs. Not only were the subsidized players more likely to cooperate (choose the Pareto‐optimum action), but the unsubsidized players increased their expectations on how likely others would cooperate, and they cooperated more frequently themselves. After removal of the subsidy, high levels of coordination continued in most groups with stochastic payoffs but declined in deterministic ones. This carry‐over disparity between the deterministic and stochastic settings was consistent with the economic theories that agents were more likely to keep the status quo option under uncertainty than without uncertainty. Hence, players with stochastic payoffs were more likely to keep the high coordination level (status quo) brought by the subsidy in the previous subsidy session. A post‐game survey also indicated that with stochastic payoffs, players focused on risk reduction. Temporary subsidies promoted lasting coordination because even after subsidy was removed, players still assumed that others players would prefer reduced risks from cooperation. With deterministic payoffs, however, the subsidy might crowd out other rationales for coordination, with many players indicating that the subsidy was the only reason for anyone to cooperate. Hence, the coordination level dropped when the subsidy was removed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.