家长投入对子女学业成绩的影响：有调节的中介模型

本研究测评了广州市1628名六年级学生的学习投入和学业成绩,并调查了其家长的家长投入和教养风格。结果发现：（1）家长投入能正向预测子女的学业成绩;（2）在家长投入与子女学业成绩的关系之间,子女的学习投入起完全中介作用;（3）家长教养风格对家长投入与子女学习投入的关系路径起调节作用,积极的教养风格有利于促进家长投入对子女学习投入的正向影响。结果表明：积极的家长教养风格能促进家长投入转化为子女的学习投入,进而促使子女学业成绩的提升。     

线上“秀恩爱”与旁观者主观幸福感的关系:自尊的中介作用和依恋的调节作用

随着互联网技术的普及,社交网站已经成为个体日常生活的重要部分,对个体的社会发展和社会适应产生重要影响。为探讨线上“秀恩爱”与旁观者主观幸福感的关系,以及自尊和依恋在其中的作用,本研究采用问卷法对458名成人进行了调查。结果表明：（1）被动接受“秀恩爱”程度越高,个体的主观幸福感和自尊越低。（2）自尊在被动接受“秀恩爱”程度与主观幸福感之间存在中介效应,被动接受“秀恩爱”程度越高,会引发个体自尊下降,进一步降低主观幸福感。（3）依恋焦虑在被动接受“秀恩爱”程度与自尊之间有调节效应,当依恋焦虑水平较低时,被动接受“秀恩爱”程度对自尊的削弱效应较强。     

创造性科学问题提出材料的编制及效度研究

本研究通过对收集的科学发明创造实例进行整理,测量,访谈,再测量,建立拥有多项指标的创造性科学问题提出材料库,以期为研究创造性科学问题提出提供有效的测试工具。在材料库的建立过程中,对问题提出中的原型启发效应进行了探讨,结果表明,原型对创造性问题提出具有稳定的启发效应,并且这种启发效应在具有理科背景的个体上有更明显的效果。此外,创造性科学问题提出分数不仅与创造性成就倾向显著相关,且在企业环境中也显示出了对于不同创造力群体的有效鉴别     

内群体偏爱与儿童基于贡献的分配公平性:心理理论的调节作用

本研究考察了贡献和内群体偏爱两种分配动机对儿童分配公平性的影响,并探讨了心理理论在其中的作用。通过比较63名6~8岁儿童在不同群体条件下对贡献不同的接受者的分配结果和分配策略的差异,结果发现：（1）在所有群体条件下,儿童都会分配给贡献多的接受者更多的资源,但当外群体成员贡献多且内群体成员贡献少时,儿童也会分配给贡献多的接受者相比于其他群体条件更少的资源,并更多的采用群体关系策略对这一行为作出解释;（2）心理理论能力越高的儿童分配给贡献多的接受者的资源数量受群体关系的影响越小,且使用贡献策略的频率越高,使用群体关系策略的频率越低。这些结果表明6~8岁儿童在资源分配过程中会优先考虑公平动机,且心理理论能力强的儿童更少表现出内群体偏爱。     

义符位置与语义透明度对形声字语义激活的影响

通过眼动技术,采用语义相关判断任务,探究不同义符位置与语义透明度对形声字语义激活的影响。结果发现,义符位置在左、在上比义符位置在右、在下的形声字正确率更高,反应时更短,注视次数更少但平均注视时间更长;透明形声字比不透明形声字正确率更高,反应时更短,注视次数更少。义符位置和功能属性在形声字语义激活中具有显著的相互作用,表现为义符在左和在上时,透明形声字的识别速度快于不透明形声字,且读者采取减少注视次数、增加单次平均注视时间的加工策略。研究结果进一步证实熟练汉语读者存在“义符释义”的正字法意识。     

The dynamics of perceptual learning: an incremental reweighting model

The mechanisms of perceptual learning are analyzed theoretically, probed in an orientation-discrimination experiment involving a novel nonstationary context manipulation, and instantiated in a detailed computational model. Two hypotheses are examined: modification of early cortical representations versus task-specific selective reweighting. Representation modification seems neither functionally necessary nor implied by the available psychophysical and physiological evidence. Computer simulations and mathematical analyses demonstrate the functional and empirical adequacy of selective reweighting as a perceptual learning mechanism. The stimulus images are processed by standard orientation- and frequency-tuned representational units, divisively normalized. Learning occurs only in the "read-out" connections to a decision unit; the stimulus representations never change. An incremental Hebbian rule tracks the task-dependent predictive value of each unit, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio of their weighted combination. Each abrupt change in the environmental statistics induces a switch cost in the learning curves as the system temporarily works with suboptimal weights.     

Traditional and modern characteristics across the generations: similarities and discrepancies

The authors examined, through an analysis of self-construals and beliefs about social interaction, the traditional and modern orientations of younger and older generations of Taiwanese people. The authors surveyed 169 pairs of parent-child dyads with a battery of structured questionnaires. Within-subjects analyses revealed high generational correlations as well as discrepancies in both traditional and modern characteristics. Between-subjects analyses further indicated that individual traditional and modern characteristics were affected by age and gender and by their interactions. The authors discuss (a) the pattern of generational similarities and discrepancies in the framework of culture stability and change and (b) the coexistence of traditional and modern characteristics in a rapidly changing society.     

内隐领导理论启动效应的实验研究

该研究通过实验检测了内隐领导理论与几种领导类型之间的启动效应。结果显示,绩效线索影响优秀领导者与一般领导者和较差领导者之间的特质评价,并且主要表现在对正性特质的评价方面,在一般领导者和较差领导者之间启动效应不显著。"潜伏期"测量显示了对理想领导者正性原型特质比负性原型特质启动效应更加显著。