The perceptual root of object-based storage: an interactive model of perception and visual working memory

Mainstream theories of visual perception assume that visual working memory (VWM) is critical for integrating online perceptual information and constructing coherent visual experiences in changing environments. Given the dynamic interaction between online perception and VWM, we propose that how visual information is processed during visual perception can directly determine how the information is going to be selected, consolidated, and maintained in VWM. We demonstrate the validity of this hypothesis by investigating what kinds of perceptual information can be stored as integrated objects in VWM. Three criteria for object-based storage are introduced: (a) automatic selection of task-irrelevant features, (b) synchronous consolidation of multiple features, and (c) stable maintenance of feature conjunctions. The results show that the outputs of parallel perception meet all three criteria, as opposed to the outputs of serial attentive processing, which fail all three criteria. These results indicate that (a) perception and VWM are not two sequential processes, but are dynamically intertwined; (b) there are dissociated mechanisms in VWM for storing information identified at different stages of perception; and (c) the integrated object representations in VWM originate from the "preattentive" or "proto" objects created by parallel perception. These results suggest how visual perception, attention, and VWM can be explained by a unified framework.     

员工资质过高感知对其创新行为和工作满意度的影响机制

采用问卷调查法,以330名企业员工为调查对象,使用层次回归分析探讨了员工资质过高感知对其创新行为和工作满意度的影响机制。结果表明:(1)员工资质过高感知对其创新行为和工作满意意度具有显著的负向预测作用;(2)心理契约违背在资质过高感知对员工工作满意度的影响过程中起完全中介作用,在资质过高感知对员工创新行为的影响过程中部分中介作用;(3)心理授权在员工资质过高感知通过心理契约违背影响员工工作满意度的过程中起调节作用。     

小学生领导力萌芽与发展的实证研究

摘 要 本研究以四年级学生为研究对象,通过话语分析,探究了八个无领导小组八次讨论过程中领导力的萌芽状况及其影响因素。结果发现,小学生可自发出现领导力行为,但只有两个小组会涌现出明显的领导者,并表现为独立领导和协同领导两种不同模式。对学生和教师行为的综合分析显示,学生领导力的形成与教师示范、反馈及同伴互动存在密切关系,这对学生领导力的培养具有重要的启示意义。     

民族道德文化:从传统到现代

This paper intends to explore the question of how a traditional moral culture could be modernized and received a new lease of life. Only if the national spirit be unified with the spirit of the times could the moral cultural tradition with such unification become our home of spirit. Re-interpretation and re-explanation of traditional writings and words are feasible ways of regenerating the national moral culture.     

我国环境保护的财政政策改革

环境保护政策的核心,是调节人与自然交换过程中各利益相关者的分配关系.换言之,它实际上就是一种财政政策.因此,环境保护政策的改革,除了取决于科学发展观下我国的发展方式转型的现实和财政政策的发展方向外,在我国政府主导型的环境保护政策下,它还受现有的行政管理体制约束.这些约束因子最后可以归结为五个政策障碍,而这些障碍,也只有通过财政政策为主体的改革,通过制度创新,才能得到化解,中国特色的环境保护政策体系也才能得以形成.     

A happy story: Developmental changes in children’s sensitivity to facial expressions of varying intensities

Using 20 levels of intensity, we measured children’s thresholds to discriminate the six basic emotional expressions from neutral and their misidentification rates. Combined with the results of a previous study using the same method (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102 (2009) 503-521), the results indicate that by 5 years of age, children are adult-like, or nearly adult-like, for happy expressions on all measures. Children’s sensitivity to other expressions continues to improve between 5 and 10 years of age (e.g., surprise, disgust, fear) or even after 10 years of age (e.g., anger, sad). The results indicate that there is a slow development of sensitivity to the expression of all basic emotions except happy. This slow development may impact children’s social and cognitive development by limiting their sensitivity to subtle expressions of disapproval or disappointment.     

The development of skin conductance fear conditioning in children from ages 3 to 8 years

Although fear conditioning is an important psychological construct implicated in behavioral and emotional problems, little is known about how it develops in early childhood. Using a differential, partial reinforcement conditioning paradigm, this longitudinal study assessed skin conductance conditioned responses in 200 children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 years. Results demonstrated that in both boys and girls: (1) fear conditioning increased across age, particularly from ages 5 to 6 years, (2) the three components of skin conductance fear conditioning that reflect different degrees of automatic and controlled cognitive processes exhibited different developmental profiles, and (3) individual differences in arousal, orienting, and the unconditioned response were associated with individual differences in conditioning, with the influence of orienting increasing at later ages. This first longitudinal study of the development of skin conductance fear conditioning in children both demonstrates that children as young as age 3 years evidence fear conditioning in a difficult acquisition paradigm, and that different sub-components of skin conductance conditioning have different developmental trajectories.     

影响教师职业倦怠的多层变量之间的关系

采用问卷法调查了39所学校的370名小学教师,运用多层线性模型在个体和组织的不同层面上对影响教师职业倦怠的因素进行了探讨。结果发现:(1)教师集体效能越高,情感衰竭、低个人成就感和人格解体的得分就越低;校长越关心人,教师的人格解体得分就越高;(2)教师集体效能越高或校长越关心工作,则教师效能对情感衰竭的负向作用就越弱;而校长越关心人,则教师效能对情感衰竭的负向作用就越强;(3)教师集体效能对教师职业倦怠的影响不因教师性别和教龄的不同而不同,但校长领导行为对教师职业倦怠的影响却出现了性别和教龄的差异:关心工作导致了女性的个人成就感更低,对改善高教龄教师的低个人成就感更为有利,而关心人对改善低教龄教师的成就感、人格解体的帮助更大。     

"原罪"释疑

在基督教教义中,"罪"和"原罪"的思想在中国历来是被误解较多的两个概念.中国文化的语境下,"罪"是与对法律的违反和道德上的"恶"紧密关联在一起的,这样的理解与基督教对"罪"的理解有很大的距离.也正因如此,中国人对"原罪"的理解则更为困难.本文试图借助基督教思想史上对"罪"和"原罪"问题的一些很有价值的论述,对基督教语境下"罪"和"原罪"的含义进行辨析,以区分它们与中国社会和文化对"罪"的理解之不同,从而尽可能地消除国人对基督教所讲的"罪",特别是"原罪"的普遍曲解.     

社会和谐:契约精神与历史精神

以罗尔斯肇始的关于政治正义的新论争表明:以多元良序为内容的社会和谐是当代人类政治文明、政治正义的核心价值.然而,社会和谐与社会正义一样,不仅有一个"何种和谐"的问题,亦有一个"何以和谐"的问题.