内源性注意和外源性注意条件下SOA变化对数字距离效应的影响

采用内源性注意和外源性注意实验范式,材料为小数(1～4)和大数(6～9)的阿拉伯数字,以判断数字是否大于5为任务,考察内源性和外源性线索不同注意条件下SOA对数字距离效应的影响。结果发现:(1)内源性线索条件下,随着SOAs增加,大小数的距离效应逐渐增大,当SOA为900ms时,大小数的距离效应最明显;(2)外源性线索条件下,当SOA为300ms时,大小数的距离效应最显著,随着SOAs增加,大小数的距离效应逐渐减小。     

Self-diffusion activation energies in α-Al2O3 below 1000°C – measurements and molecular dynamics calculation

Results from impedance spectroscopy measurements at temperatures between 400 and 1000°C, for single crystal and highly pure and dense polycrystalline α-Al₂O₃ samples with well-defined grain size, are compared with that from molecular dynamics calculation. Between 650 and 1000°C, the measured activation energy for conductivity is 1.5?eV for the single crystal, and increases from 1.6 to 2.4?eV as the grain size decreases from 15 to 0.5?µm. The molecular dynamics calculation leads to the conclusion that the self-diffusion activation energy is about 1.5?eV for O and 1.0?eV for Al in single crystal α-Al₂O₃. The much higher mobility of O ions makes the O ions responsible for the conductivity of the single crystal oxide. It seems that the grain boundary leads to an increase in the activation energy. However, the quantitative influence of grain boundary still needs to be explained. Between 400 and 650°C, the measured activation energy is about 1.0?eV and independent of the grain size.     

Primary and Secondary Control Over Age-Related Changes in Physical Appearance

Beliefs about appearance-related changes due to aging were used to test the effects of perceived control and secondary control (acceptance) in a sample of 412 young, early-middle-age, and late-middle-age college-educated adults. Mean difference in aging-related appearance control and hypotheses regarding the adaptiveness of primary and secondary control were examined. Primary control over aging-related appearance was lower in older adults and secondary control was higher. In addition, the results indicated support for the Primacy/Back-Up Model that primary perceived control is important at all levels of actual control. Those with stronger beliefs in their primary control were less distressed. Secondary control served a back-up function in that it was related to less distress only for those who had medium or lower beliefs in primary control. The implications of these findings, that primary control may be advantageous even in low-control circumstances, are discussed.     

Attentional distribution in visual space

Summary The horizontal extent of the visual attentive field was measured by the use of a two-choice-RT task and compatible and incompatible distractors. The target was a line that inclined either to the left or to the right. Whether or not the subject performed the choice RT was made contingent upon whether two other stimuli presented in the visual display matched or mismatched. The match-mismatch stimuli varied in locations so as to manipulate the relevant visual area (the attended area). The locations of the distractors were also varied. The increase in RT associated with incompatible distractors was found to vary inversely with their distance from the edge of the area attended to and independently of their distance from the target lines. The results were interpreted in terms of an inhibitory field that surrounds the area attended to.     

独立型与依赖型自我：Markus等的自我结构研究

Markus认为不同的文化系统即个人主义与集体主义的文化将对应不同的自我结构：独立型自我和依赖型自我,而不同的自我结构可以解释预测个体在情绪、认知、动机等方面的差异。Markus等人的研究结果引人注目,同时也受到了相当多的质疑和批判。该文系统综述了这方面的情况。     

《管子》为杂家著作考

《管子》书非管仲所著已成学界公论,但其具体著者和成书年代当前却无一致认识,同时《管子》书的学派归属问题也存在着很大争议。笔者认为,《管子》为齐国稷下部分学者集体创作而成,其成书于战国晚期。《管子》的学派归属既非"齐法家",亦不是"道家黄老",而是先秦杂家。《管子》对于中国哲学、中国封建政治文化的发展起了重要的作用,它所体现出的"和而不同"的文化观对当代文化现代化的建设具有时代的价值。     

Psychopathic Traits and Physiological Responses to Aversive Stimuli in Children Aged 9–11 Years

Atypical eletrodermal and cardiovascular response patterns in psychopathic individuals are thought to be biological indicators of fearless and disinhibition. This study investigated the relationship between psychopathic traits and these autonomic response patterns using a countdown task in 843 children (aged 9-10?years). Heart rate (HR) and non-specific skin conductance responses (NS-SCRs) were recorded while participants anticipated and reacted to 105?dB signaled or un-signaled white-noise bursts. Using multilevel regression models, both larger HR acceleration and fewer NS-SCR were found to be significantly associated with psychopathic traits during anticipation of signaled white-noise bursts. However, two divergent patterns appeared for HR and SCR: (1) larger HR acceleration was specific to the callousness-disinhibition factor of psychopathic traits while reduced NS-SCR was only associated with the manipulative-deceitfulness factor; (2) the negative association between the manipulative-deceitfulness factor and NS-SCR was only found in boys but not in girls. These findings replicated what has been found in psychopathic adults, suggesting that autonomic deficits present in children at risk may predispose them to later psychopathy. The divergent findings across psychopathic facets and sexes raised the possibility of different etiologies underlying psychopathy, which may in turn suggest multiple treatment strategies for boys and girls.     

Hostile Attributional Bias,Negative Emotional Responding,and Aggression in Adults: Moderating Effects of Gender and Impulsivity

The current study examined the main effects of hostile attributional bias (HAB) and negative emotional responding on a variety of aggressive behaviors in adults, including general aggression, physical aggression, relational aggression, and verbal aggression. Effects of both externalizing (anger) and internalizing (embarrassment/upset) negative emotions were considered. In addition, the moderating roles of gender and impulsivity on the effects of HAB and negative emotional responding were explored. Multilevel models were fitted to data from 2,749 adult twins aged 20–55 from the PennTwins cohort. HAB was positively associated with all four forms of aggression. There was also a significant interaction between impulsivity and HAB for general aggression. Specifically, the relationship between HAB and general aggression was only significant for individuals with average or above‐average levels of impulsivity. Negative emotional responding was also found to predict all measures of aggression, although in different ways. Anger was positively associated with all forms of aggression, whereas embarrassment/upset predicted decreased levels of general, physical, and verbal aggression but increased levels of relational aggression. The associations between negative emotional responding and aggression were generally stronger for males than females. The current study provides evidence for the utility of HAB and negative emotional responding as predictors of adult aggression and further suggests that gender and impulsivity may moderate their links with aggression. Aggr. Behav. 38:47‐63, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

技术哲学的两种经验转向及其问题

当代技术哲学的一个重要发展趋势是在经验转向(empirical turn)和伦理转向(ethical turn)的基础上实现技术哲学的"第三次转向",以便整合前两次转向的优势。(Verbeek,p.51)事实上,经     

Interprofessional Education: Psychology Trainee Experiences and Perspectives on Team Skills

Interprofessional education (IPE) is defined as educational activities involving trainees from two or more professions learning about, from, and with each other with the goal of building team-based collaboration skills. The degree to which psychology trainees are involved in IPE is unknown. A national survey was distributed to gather information regarding the nature and prevalence of IPE experiences and psychology trainees’ perceived competence in collaboration skills. Participant responses (n?=?143) are presented overall and by training level. Some respondents reported no IPE activities in their training, especially trainees earlier in their training. Highest rated competencies were in acting with honesty and integrity and developing/maintaining mutual respect and trust of other professions. Lowest rated were in giving feedback to others and managing differences in opinion. More research related to the nature and impact of IPE on psychology trainees is critical.