儿童对几种时间词句的理解

<正> 现实中任何事情总是在一定的时、空条件下发生的,所以语言学家概括出简单陈述句的基本模式为:时间坐标+空间坐标+核心句。但时间不同于空间,它是看不见摸不着的,因此儿童在语言中使用时间词汇比空间词汇少而且迟,我们从调查中(注)发现,在七十名     

Focus of attention and placebo utility

The effects of focus of attention and expected drug effects on reactions to a placebo were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment self-aware and non-self-aware subjects were given a placebo that was said to be either performance-facilitating or inhibiting and then they worked on a set of arithmetic problems. It was expected that the non-self-aware subjects, but not the self-aware subjects, would display a self-serving bias in their attributions regarding the effects of the placebo. Specifically, it was predicted that non-self-aware subjects would attribute more arousal to the performance-inhibiting drug than the performance-facilitating drug since such attributions would be more psychologically beneficial or “useful” in the sense that they would make actual performance on the task look more impressive. Consistent with these predictions, there was evidence of a self-serving bias in drug reactions only among the non-self-focused subjects. Those who were made self-aware did not respond differentially to the two types of drug information. Instead, they appeared to respond in line with their actual (aroused) internal states by attributing some arousal to both drugs. In the second experiment arousal was reduced by eliminating the task, and this time self-focused subjects again appeared to be more aware of their actual internal states, as they reported less reaction to the placebo, regardless of the effects ascribed to it. Two conclusions are drawn from these results: (a) perceived drug utility does effect placebo responsiveness, and (b) self-focused attention increases awareness of internal states, but not necessarily the causes of those states.     

Unitary classification in a comparison task.

Sequential effects were used to diagnose whether elements in a two-object comparison task are represented as a perceptual unit or separately. The presence of sequential effects and absence of influences of individual elements on the subsequent trial in a successive comparison task favor the hypothesis that the elements in a pair are represented as a unit, and that a response is made to the perceptual unit. The patterns of response times on same and different trials differed in several ways; these suggested that the quality of the representations of same and different trials may differ.     

Selective exposure to self

Male undergraduates received either an accepting or unaccepting communication from a coed. Then each subject had the opportunity to listen to his own voice or the voice of another male, and it was found that preference for listening to one's own voice was higher among subjects who had received positive feedback from the coed. There was also evidence that this pattern of selective exposure is weakened when feedback is less impactful. The results were interpreted through a theory of objective self awareness.