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201.
A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Meg Gerrard Frederick X. Gibbons Amy E. Houlihan Michelle L. Stock Elizabeth A. Pomery 《Developmental Review》2008,28(1):29
Although dual-process models in cognitive, personality, and social psychology have stimulated a large body of research about analytic and heuristic modes of decision making, these models have seldom been applied to the study of adolescent risk behaviors. In addition, the developmental course of these two kinds of information processing, and their relation to the development of self-regulation are not well understood at this time. The current paper reviews what leading dual-process models have to say about the development of analytic and heuristic decision making, and their implications for adolescent risk behavior. In addition, it reviews research on the prototype willingness model of adolescent decision making—a dual-process model designed specifically to address non-intentional, but volitional adolescent risk behavior. It also discusses the implications of dual-process models for intervention research. 相似文献
202.
A part of relativistic dynamics is axiomatized by simple and purely geometrical axioms formulated within first-order logic.
A geometrical proof of the formula connecting relativistic and rest masses of bodies is presented, leading up to a geometric
explanation of Einstein’s famous E = mc
2. The connection of our geometrical axioms and the usual axioms on the conservation of mass, momentum and four-momentum is
also investigated. 相似文献
203.
Crystal X. Tan Rebecca P. Ang Robert M. Klassen Lay See Yeo Isabella Y. F. Wong Vivien S. Huan Wan Har Chong 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2008,27(2):135-144
This study examined correlates of academic procrastination and students’ grade goals in a sample of 226 undergraduates from
Singapore. Findings indicated that self-efficacy for self-regulated learning was significantly and negatively related to procrastination.
High self-efficacy for self-regulated learning also predicted students’ expectations of doing well and low self-efficacy for
self-regulated learning predicted students’ expectations of not doing well academically. Additionally, help-seeking predicted
students’ expectations of doing well academically while academic stress predicted students’ expectations of not doing well
academically. Implications for education and educational practice were discussed.
This project was partially supported by the Undergraduate Research Experience on Campus (URECA) program from Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore. 相似文献
204.
One hundred and thirty-one adults belonging to four age groups (19-26, 50-59, 60-69 and 70-82 years) performed a spatial stimulus-response consistency task in which the response dimension (left or right) overlapped relevant and irrelevant stimulus dimensions. The influence of the irrelevant stimulus dimension on response time was significantly greater in the middle age groups than among 19-26 year-olds, and significantly greater in the highest age group than in any other. This pattern persisted when allowance was made for a significant age-related increase in processing time (measured as reaction time in a single-stimulus, single-response task). It is concluded that in tasks of the kind used, the elderly resist interference from the irrelevant information less easily than do younger persons. Interestingly, comparison of Vincentized quintiles suggested that the effect of the irrelevant stimulus dimension decreased with increasing response time among 19-26 year-olds, but increased with response time among 70-82 year-olds. 相似文献
205.
Scottham KM Sellers RM Nguyên HX 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2008,14(4):297-306
The Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity--Teen (MIBI--T) is designed to assess the 3 cross-situationally stable dimensions (centrality, regard, and ideology) of the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI; R. M. Sellers, M. A. Smith, J. N. Shelton, S. A. J. Rowley, & T. M. Chavous, 1998) within teenagers. Adolescent responses (n= 489) to the MIBI--T were subjected to several analyses to evaluate the psychometric character of the measure. Findings indicated that the MIBI--T represents a valid framework for African American adolescents. Its internal structure is consistent with the conceptual framework of the MMRI, and findings support its construct validity. Results also indicate model invariance across grade level and gender, as well as suggest evidence of predictive validity. Further information about the MIBI--T and the full set of items are presented. 相似文献
206.
控制知觉材料的熟悉性和概念范例的典型性,以考察它们对内隐与外显记忆发展的影响。结果表明:(1)知觉内隐记忆的启动效应不存在年龄和熟悉性效应,而知觉外显记忆成绩则具有明显的年龄和熟悉性效应;(2)在概念内隐记忆任务上,典型范例的启动效应不存在年龄差异,非典型范例的启动效应则存在随年龄而增长的启动效应:无论是典型范例还是非典型范例的外显记忆成绩均随年龄增长而提高。 相似文献
207.
X. T. Wang 《决策行为杂志》2004,17(1):1-16
Previous research on framing effects has largely focused on how choice information framed by external sources influences the response of a decision maker. This research examined how decision makers framed choice options and how the hedonic tone of self‐framing influenced their risk preference. By using pie charts and a complementary sentence‐completion task in Experiment 1, participants were able to interpret and frame the expected choice outcomes themselves before making a choice between a sure option and a gamble in either a life–death or a monetary problem. Each of these self‐frames (phrases) was then rated by a group of independent judges in terms of its hedonic tone. The hedonic tone of self‐frames was mostly positive and was more positive in the life–death than the monetary context, suggesting a motivational function of self‐framing. However, positive outcomes were still more likely to be framed positively than negative outcomes. In Experiment 2, choice outcomes were depicted with a whole‐pie chart instead of a pie slice in order to emphasize positive and negative outcomes equally. The results showed that the hedonic tone of self‐framing was still largely positive and more positive in the life domain than the monetary domain. However, compared to Experiment 1, the risk preference in the life–death domain was reversed, showing an outcome salience effect: when the pie‐slice chart emphasized only survival outcomes, participants were more risk taking under positive hedonic frames whereas when the whole‐pie chart depicted both survival and mortality outcomes, they became risk averse under positive frames. In sum, self‐framing reflected a positive bias in encoding risk information and affected the risk preference of the decision maker. Like the tone of voice used in communication, the hedonic tone of self‐framing, either positive or negative, can affect risk perception of a choice problem. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
208.
Francis X. Brennan Kevin D. Beck Richard J. Sevatius 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,38(1):36-44
Leverpress escape/avoidance is an excellent model for assessing coping in rats. Acquisition of the leverpress response is
determined by the interstimulus (signal-shock) interval, as well as the type and duration of the aversive event. One factor
that has received less research attention is the safety or feedback signal. The safety signal presumably negatively reinforces
leverpress responding through fear reduction. Here, we present a parametric manipulation of safety signal length and avoidance
performance. All rats were trained with a 60-s tone conditioned stimulus and an intermittent 1-s, 1.0-mA footshock. Training
was further accomplished with a 1−, 2−, 4−, or 6-min safety signal. Acquisition of the avoidance response was comparable at
all safety signal durations. Rats trained with the shortest safety signal (1 min) exhibited more leverpresses during the safe
period, a measure of anxiety. Thus, acquisition of the leverpress avoidance response was efficient regardless of safety signal
duration, even though shorter periods were associated with greater anxiety. 相似文献
209.
Michael H. Fisher Gregory C. Kozlowski Kurtis R. Schaeffer Francis X. Clooney SJ Carl Olson Martha Ann Selby Thomas Forsthoefel Lise F. Vail Rebecca J. Manring Narasingha P. Sil Brian K. Pennington Ashley James Dawson Sarah Hodges Thomas Forsthoefel 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2002,6(2):199-220
210.
Eslinger PJ Blair C Wang J Lipovsky B Realmuto J Baker D Thorne S Gamson D Zimmerman E Rohrer L Yang QX 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(1):1-10
To investigate maturational plasticity of fluid cognition systems, functional brain imaging was undertaken in healthy 8-19 year old participants while completing visuospatial relational reasoning problems similar to Raven's matrices and current elementary grade math textbooks. Analyses revealed that visuospatial relational reasoning across this developmental age range recruited activations in the superior parietal cortices most prominently, the dorsolateral prefrontal, occipital-temporal, and premotor/supplementary cortices, the basal ganglia, and insula. There were comparable activity volumes in left and right hemispheres for nearly all of these regions. Regression analyses indicated increasing activity predominantly in the superior parietal lobes with developmental age. In contrast, multiple anterior neural systems showed significantly less activity with age, including dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal, paracentral, and insula cortices bilaterally, basal ganglia, and particularly large clusters in the midline anterior cingulate/medial frontal cortex, left middle cingulate/supplementary motor cortex, left insula-putamen, and left caudate. Findings suggest that neuromaturational changes associated with visuospatial relational reasoning shift from a more widespread fronto-cingulate-striatal pattern in childhood to predominant parieto-frontal activation pattern in late adolescence. 相似文献