速度、步幅与窗口对引导式中文文本阅读工效的影响

引导式显示是在视觉显示终端(VDT)上呈现动态文本的主要方式之一.本研究考察了显示窗口大小、跳动步幅、显示速度等因素对引导式中文文本的阅读工效的影响.实验中采用了3(跳动步幅,被试内变量)×3(显示速度,被试内变量)×2(显示窗口大小,被试间变量)的混合设计,共有18个被试参加了实验.结果发现(1)跳动步幅、显示速度和窗口大小均影响中文文本的阅读工效;(2)达到最佳阅读工效的实验条件在速度和步幅上分别集中于200～400字/分和1～3字/步.最后本文结合中文阅读的相关眼动研究,对这些结果的成因进行了简要的探讨.     

不同适应水平小学生有意义事件报告比较——小学生自我调节机制的一项研究

本研究选取发展良好与适应不良的三——五年级小学生为被试,以问卷访谈形式调查他们心目中的正性和负性意义事件。结果表明,两组被试在事件意义体验的人际亲和性、内在一外在性和丰富性方面有明显不同的反映。感受的丰富性表现在正负性意义事件两方面,某种事件负性意义感受的出现是良好适应的表现。     

计算机有内隐记忆吗？——人与计算机的初步比较研究

本实验参照国内内隐记忆研究方面的一个经典实验(杨治良,1991),以无意义音节为材料,运用信号检测论的方法,对计算机是否存在内隐记忆的问题进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,在本实验条件下计算机只有单纯的100％正确的回忆效应,不具备内隐记忆。本研究为探明计算机的记忆特点作了初步尝试,同时也从一个新角度再次证明了内隐记忆是独立于外显记忆的客观存在。     

MAU程序和自由讨论的群体决策质量比较

采用实验室研究方法,比较了在信启、不分享条件下多特征效用模型(MAU)决策程序和自由讨论对群体决策质量的影响,并对影响MAU决策质量的主要因素进行了初步探讨。结果发现：(1)MAU程序可以较好地克服群体动力学方面的一些消极影响,表现出挖掘信息(尤其是非分享信息)的充分性。但MAU程序在被试的态度和社会交互作用等心理效标上并未显示出优势;(2)在MAU条件下,群体规模的增大对分享和非分享信息的讨论量无显著影响。而任务难度效应要和群体规模一起才能起到作用。     

墨家人力资源管理心理思想及其现代意义

人力资源管理是管理心理学的重要内容,也是现代企业管理的一个重要环节。先秦墨家思想中包含着丰富的人力资源管理心理思想。该文拟从墨家的人员甄选、人员考评、人员任用、人员激励等方面进行整理和阐述,并揭示其现代意义。     

Coming out discourses of Asian American lesbians

The authors examined the accounts of a small group of Asian American lesbians regarding their experiences forming their sexual identities. Discourse analysis and the social constructionist approach were applied to the subjects’ accounts of their coming out. Focus group subjects’ discussions were transcribed in order to depict the practices they employed to render their experiences meaningful to themselves and others. There was an internal dialectical process between the subjects’ subjective and objective reality, during which they came to terms with their subjective identity, or came out to themselves. There was also an external dialectical process between the subjects and society, during which they negotiated with their objective world for their subjective identity, or came out to the public in general and to their families in particular. The research suggests that in these dialectical processes, Asian cultural values and beliefs served as the means through which the conflict between the subjects’ interiority and their social networks was reconciled. The desire to reabsorb the subjects served to motivate the family members to work collaboratively to overcome cultural barriers to acceptance. The authors are grateful for the help of Robert Dominguez and all the participants who made the study possible.     

The racial subtext in Canada’s immigration discourse

The articulation of race has become subtle and elusive in democratic societies because racism conflicts with principles of equality and non-discrimination. This article examines Canada’s immigration discourse and argues that a racial subtext can be discerned from the discourse by examining its vocabulary, syntax, structure, and implied rationale. The study shows that codified concepts and an implied logic are used to convey racial massages that appear not to be “race”-based. The discourse is further facilitated by opinion polls and academic studies that reify the notion of “race” and legitimize its everyday use as a harmless concept. It is the discourse itself, and not implied differences of “race”, that fragments Canada. The study recommends abandoning the use of racial subtext in academic research and immigration policy development.     

Thinking styles,self‐esteem,and extracurricular experiences

This study had two objectives. The first was to examine the relationship between thinking styles and self‐esteem. The second objective was to investigate the relationship of the participants' extracurricular experiences to both thinking styles and self‐esteem. Seven‐hundred and ninety‐four university students from Hong Kong participated in the study. Participants responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory (Sternberg & Wagner, 1992) and the Self‐Esteem Inventory (Adult Form, Coopersmith, 1981) as well as to a questionnaire designed to elicit both personal and situational characteristics. It was found that thinking styles and self‐esteem are statistically related. Meanwhile, both thinking styles and self‐esteem are statistically related to the participants' extracurricular experiences. Implications of these findings for teachers are discussed.     

视觉观点采择中自我中心性偏差的抑制和归因之争

自我中心性偏差是社交失败的重要原因,但其产生机制还存在争议。以往研究存在抑制性选择模型与流利性错误归因两种理论观点:前者认为对自身观点的抑制失败会导致自我中心性偏差;后者则认为错误地选择自身更为流畅的信息会导致自我中心性偏差。为整合上述争论,提出抑制-归因协同作用模型,认为抑制和归因两种加工或可共同导致自我中心性偏差。未来研究应借助精巧的研究范式和特殊被试群体,进一步验证该模型。     

催产素、孕激素和雌激素对厌恶的影响及其神经生理机制

厌恶是人和动物最基本的情绪之一,起源于口腔对苦味(有毒)物质的排斥,常伴有恶心呕吐和远离诱发刺激的强烈愿望,具有回避潜在疾病威胁的功能。大量动物和人类研究表明,催产素、孕激素和雌激素不同程度地影响核心厌恶刺激的感知、核心厌恶情绪的产生与表达、条件性厌恶习得和厌恶表情识别。三种激素主要通过作用于五羟色胺、γ-氨基丁酸、乙酰胆碱和谷氨酸等神经递质受体,调节杏仁核、脑岛、前扣带回、壳核、梨状皮层、额中回等脑区活动,影响厌恶加工。未来研究应当在准确测量激素水平和控制实验任务难度的基础上,探究各激素对不同感觉通道厌恶加工的影响,及其性别的调节作用;同时结合脑成像技术和动物行为学,明确各激素影响厌恶加工的神经内分泌机制。