学前儿童对疾病的认知

通过三个研究分别探查了教育条件不同的两组学前儿童能否以疾病这一生命现象为指标做出生物和非生物的本体区分;他们是否理解疾病的产生和康复不受心理意图控制;以及他们对疾病原因的认识。结果显示,3、4、5岁学前儿童在分类作业中的认知成绩随年龄逐渐提高,他们能够认识疾病不受意图控制。其对疾病原因的解释既不用意图也不用道德准则,而主要是从行为水平,表现出“朴素生物学”的认知,但其认知与成人的认知和科学的生物学概念有明显差距。教育条件影响儿童的疾病认知成绩     

不是“废除”，而要“完善和加强”

去年11月15日,中国科学院自然科学史所研究员宋正海通过电子邮件发出倡议信,题目是《不要让"伪科学"一词成为灭亡传统文化的借口》,     

Orientation unbound: Dissociation of identity and orientation under rapid serial visual presentation

Participants were shown rapid sequences of three letters, flanked by digits, each rotated 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270 degrees clockwise from upright. In Experiment 1, the participants tried to report the letter that matched the orientation of an arrow, presented either before (before task) or after (after task) the sequence. A third task (total task) required them to report all of the letters. Accuracy for individual letters was significantly better in the total task than in the before task, and better in the before task than in the after task, suggesting particular difficulty in binding orientation to identity. In Experiment 2, the participants were given letter probes and were asked to indicate the orientation of the probed letter. Although report was above chance, there were frequent illusory conjunctions. Since perception of orientation must depend on prior establishment of identity, our results suggest that orientation and identity may become unbound during processing and are held in parallel storage systems.     

Neurocognitive Functioning in AD/HD,Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes

The Predominantly Inattentive (PI) and Combined (CB) subtypes of AD/HD differ in cognitive tempo, age of onset, gender ratio, and comorbidity, yet a differentiating endophenotype has not been identified. The aim of this study was to test rigorously diagnosed PI, CB, and typical children on measures selected for their potential to reveal hypothesized differences between the subtypes in specific neurocognitive systems (anterior vs. posterior attentional systems) and processes (arousal vs. activation). Thirty-four CB and 26 PI children meeting full DSM-IV criteria for subtype both in school and at home, without confounding reading disability or emotional disorder, were enrolled along with 20 typically developing children. Neurocognitive functions measured included attention, inhibitory control, working memory, learning, and executive functions. Tasks included the Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Buschke Selective Reminding Test, ad the Tower of London (TOL), as well as instruments developed by Posner and Sternberg, and tasks assessing the impact on reaction time of [corrected] varying preparatory intervals and stimulus/response complexity. After co-varying for IQ, subtypes differed primarily on measures of impulsivity during tests of vigilance (CPT) and executive function (TOL), with the CB group showing greater impulsivity than both other groups. In addition, the PI group showed worse performance than CB and control groups on the WISC-III Processing Speed Index. Whether analyzed with or without an IQ co-variate, there was no support in the data for hypothesized differences between subtypes in functioning of the anterior vs. posterior attentional systems, nor in involvement of arousal vs. activation processes. The results indicate that the PI and CB subtypes are best differentiated by ratings, observations and tests of cognitive tempo and behavioral impulsivity. Neuropsychological methods have yet to identify critical neuropsychological [corrected] substrates of these differences.     

Action/Inaction and Regret: The Moderating Effect of Closeness1

Kahneman & Tversky (1982 ) demonstrated that actions are regretted more than inactions. It was conjectured that (a) when action shared the same closeness as inaction but was neither to approach nor to retreat the desired outcome, the action was seen as futile so that it would evoke stronger reactions of regret; and (b) closeness moderated the effect of action such that the effect was stronger when the acting target was closer to a good outcome, but weaker when the acting target was further away from a good outcome. A total of 5 regret‐triggering problems were presented to 150 undergraduates who rated actors' intensity of regret. The findings support that closeness is the moderator of the increased regret effect.     

核心自我评价概念的提出及其验证性研究

自尊、控制源、一般自我效能和神经质四种人格特质都是关于个体对自我评价的概念,Judge等人认为在四种人格特质下有一个更深层次的结构,他们将其命名为核心自我评价(core self-evaluation)。本研究通过对400名企业职工的调查,结果表明有一个单一因素可以解释四种人格特质间的相关。并以大五人格和关系绩效为效标做增益效度的检验,结果表明在控制了核心自我评价对外部效标的解释后,单个特质的增益效度很低。研究结果证明了核心自我评价概念在中国文化背景下的存在。     

中国青少年心理健康素质·适应状况的研究

应用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·适应分量表》,对全国23个省、市、自治区44063名青少年的适应状况进行了调查。结果发现：（1）青少年的适应状况处于较好的水平。（2）青少年适应及情绪适应、学习适应、人际适应、社会适应和生活适应等各维度得分在小学五年级较高,从初中阶段开始呈下降趋势,高中阶段继续下降,到大学阶段又逐渐回升。生理适应维度得分在小学五年级、初中和高中阶段较高,大学阶段下降至最低。     

结构式家庭治疗的理论及其应用评析

本文从结构式家庭治疗的产生背景出发,简要阐述了其建立的相关理论基础和其基本概念。并以结构式家庭治疗在实际运用中的实用性和有待解决的问题为思考点,对结构式家庭治疗的现实运用做了较全面的分析。     

自由讨论条件下群体决策质量的影响因素

通过实验室实验考察了自由讨论条件下群体决策质量的影响因素,并对Stasser所提出的信息取样模型进行了验证,结果发现：(1)部分证实Stasser的信息取样模型。在信息不分享的条件下,如果讨论前群体成员的偏好比较一致时,群体的确倾向于讨论分享信息和群体所偏好的候选人的信息;但如果讨论前的偏好不一致或任务难度较低时,这一结论难以成立。(2)自由讨论条件下,群体规模的增加会增加分享信息的讨论量,而对非分享信息的讨论程度则无显著影响。而在任务难度方面,只有任务难度较大的情况下才有分享信息的讨论优势。     

分配注意与发音抑制对视觉工作记忆的影响

本研究通过两个实验考察了分配注意与发音抑制对视觉工作记忆再认能力的影响.结果表明,保持阶段的分配注意与编码阶段的分配注意相比,对视觉工作记忆成绩影响更大;双任务条件下,被试正确回忆言语刺激时,视觉作业的正确率高,而错误回忆言语刺激时,视觉作业的正确率会降低;发音抑制与视觉工作记忆成绩无关.