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701.
运动中的效能期望、归因和情感反应的相关研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
运用Russell的归因维度量表等问卷对被试的效能期望、归因和情感反应进行相关研究,结果表明:效能期望影响着被试运动中的归因和情感反应;所测被试倾向于把运动结果归于个人可控的、不稳定的和内部的原因;归因能预测运动后的情感反应,但并非所有的归因维度都与运动后的情感反应有显著性相关;成败结果是影响被试归因和情感反应的重要因素;运动中的效能期望、归因方式和情感反应均存在着显著的性别差异。 相似文献
702.
Zahra Abolghasem Tiffany H.-T. Teng Elida Nexha Cherrie Zhu Cindy S. Jean Mariana Castrillon Eric Che Eva V. Di Nallo Margaret L. Schlichting 《Developmental science》2023,26(4):e13371
Even once children can accurately remember their experiences, they nevertheless struggle to use those memories in flexible new ways—as in when drawing inferences. However, it remains an open question as to whether the developmental differences observed during both memory formation and inference itself represent a fundamental limitation on children's learning mechanisms, or rather their deployment of suboptimal strategy. Here, 7–9-year-old children (N = 154) and young adults (N = 130) first formed strong memories for initial (AB) associations and then engaged in one of three learning strategies as they viewed overlapping (BC) pairs. We found that being told to integrate—combine ABC during learning—both significantly improved children's ability to explicitly relate the indirectly associated A and C items during inference and protected the underlying pair memories from forgetting. However, this finding contrasted with implicit evidence for memory-to-memory connections: Adults and children both formed A-C links prior to any knowledge of an inference test—yet for children, such links were most apparent when they were told to simply encode BC, not integrate. Moreover, the accessibility of such implicit links differed between children and adults, with adults using them to make explicit inferences but children only doing so for well-established direct AB pairs. These results suggest that while a lack of integration strategy may explain a large share of the developmental differences in explicit inference, children and adults nevertheless differ in both the circumstances under which they connect interrelated memories and their ability to later leverage those links to inform flexible behaviours.
Research Highlights
- Children and adults view AB and BC pairs related through a shared item, B. This provides an opportunity for learners to connect A–C in memory.
- Being encouraged to integrate ABC during learning boosted performance on an explicit test of A–C connections (children and adults) and protected from forgetting (children).
- Children and adults differed in when implicit A–C connections were formed—occurring primarily when told to separately encode BC (children) versus integrate (adults), respectively.
- Adults used implicit A–C connections to facilitate explicit judgments, while children did not. Our results suggest developmental differences in the learning conditions promoting memory-to-memory connections.
703.
遵守规范为什么十分困难?——关于规范与失范的理论命题探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
社会成员既是规范的受益者,也是规范的建设者,遵守、维护社会规范也要支付一定的成本.在人们遵守或者违反规范的行为中,可以发现许多公开的或潜在的某些具有规律性的原则.本文提出了社会规范的命题:规范收益的社会预期、规范相对剥夺感、规范需求不平衡、规范的社会成本、规范使用价值、规范的标示性、规范奖赏与惩处、规范的榜样效应、规范遵守的非理性等十个命题.还提出了社会失范的命题:图方便、插队、失范感染、失范累加、失范的"晕轮"效应、失范的隐匿空间、"稻草人"规范、适度压力、规范变动、规范替代等十个命题. 相似文献
704.
吐蕃时代佛经翻译考辨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文依据大量的藏汉史料,详细考证了吐蕃时代从松赞干布到热巴坚西藏佛教译经事业的发展轨迹.分析了松赞干布之世虽有佛经译出,但并未流传于世的原因.至于赤德祖赞时期,藏文史料虽记载有汉文佛经的译出,但这实际上是将后世的史实前提了.赤松德赞时期和热巴坚时代是吐蕃译经的高峰,文中不仅叙述其基础概况,而且对参与译经的异域人士如克什米尔的阿年达、突厥人吾比夏等进行了介绍,对热巴坚时代的厘定译语也进行了重点叙述. 相似文献
705.
706.
"从心所欲,不逾矩"是孔子进入化境的重要文献依据,后人往往依此句来讨论儒家的自由观念.在后儒的理解和诠释中,"从心所欲,不逾矩"实际上是要求人们将社会礼法内化成自己的信念,并以此涤除不合礼法的欲望,使自己的欲念全在礼法当中,从而感觉不到礼法与内心要求的冲突.这种"自由"是不去挑战世俗礼法的心灵自在,它蕴含着牺牲自己内心来迎合不合理的社会规矩之危险.当然,它也意味着,在现实生活中,个体难以脱离具体的历史情境追求无所顾忌的个人自由. 相似文献
707.
708.
<周易参同契>的一个显著特点是借助汉代易学构筑炼丹理论.孟乃昌推断:<周易参同契>东汉徐从事淳于叔通东汉末年魏伯阳三次成书.孟乃昌的推断证据充足.笔者推测,徐从事第一次成书时为一卷本,曾命书名为<龙虎上经>.淳于叔通第二次成书时扩为二卷本,大概没有变动书名.魏伯阳第三次成书时扩为三卷本,改书名为<参同契>.<周易参同契>包含内丹和外丹.魏伯阳讲述的黄老养性之术中包括成套的房中术内容.其继承了马王堆帛书房中术服气与性交结合在一起的作法和贵精原则,吸收了西汉阴道重节制的内容.黄老养性术标志着内丹术的形成 相似文献
709.
本文用系统科学方法分析了化学物致癌机制,化学致癌是一个长期的,多基因,多阶段,多病因过程已被公认,研究者们认为化学致癌系统由基因和非基因因素构成,在此系统中存在若干系统属性,如整体性,综合性,动态性等,医学研究者要在癌症病因,治疗和预防中取得的半功倍成效,就应该科学地运用致癌系统中的这些系统属性。 相似文献
710.
Dungang Liu Xiaorui Zhu Brandon Greenwell Zewei Lin 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2023,76(1):192-210
Probit models are used extensively for inferential purposes in the social sciences as discrete data are prevalent in a vast body of social studies. Among many accompanying model inference problems, a critical question remains unsettled: how to develop a goodness-of-fit measure that resembles the ordinary least square (OLS) R2 used for linear models. Such a measure has long been sought to achieve ‘comparability’ of different empirical models across multiple samples addressing similar social questions. To this end, we propose a novel R2 measure for probit models using the notion of surrogacy – simulating a continuous variable as a surrogate of the original discrete response (Liu & Zhang, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 113, 845 and 2018). The proposed R2 is the proportion of the variance of the surrogate response explained by explanatory variables through a linear model, and we call it a surrogate R2. This paper shows both theoretically and numerically that the surrogate R2 approximates the OLS R2 based on the latent continuous variable, preserves the interpretation of explained variation, and maintains monotonicity between nested models. As no other pseudo R2, McKelvey and Zavoina's and McFadden's included, can meet all the three criteria simultaneously, our measure fills this crucial void in probit model inference. 相似文献