Inflammation Causes a Long-Term Hyperexcitability in the Nociceptive Sensory Neurons of Aplysia

Nerve injury, tissue damage, and inflammation all cause hyperalgesia. A factor contributing to this increased sensitivity is a long-term (>24 hr) hyperexcitability (LTH) in the sensory neurons that mediate the responses. Using the cluster of nociceptive sensory neurons in Aplysia californica as a model, we are examining how inflammation induces LTH. A general inflammatory response was induced by inserting a gauze pad into the animal. Within 4 days, the gauze is enmeshed in an amorphous material that contains hemocytes, which comprise a cellular immune system. Concurrently, LTH appears in both ipsilateral and contralateral sensory neurons. The LTH is manifest as increased action potential discharge to a normalized stimulus. Immunocytochemistry revealed that hemocytes have antigens recognized by antibodies to TGFβ1, IL-6, and 5HT. When a localized inflammation was elicited on a nerve, hemocytes containing the TGFβ1 antigen were present near axons within the nerve and those containing the IL-6 were on the surface. Western blots of hemocytes, or of gauze that had induced a foreign body response, contained a 28-kD polypeptide recognized by the anti-TGFβ1 antibody. Exposure of the nervous system to recombinant human TGFβ1 elicited increased firing of the nociceptive neurons and a decrease in threshold. The TGFβ1 also caused an activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in axons but did not affect a kinase that is activated in axons after injury. Our findings, in conjunction with previous results, indicate that a TGFβ1-homolog can modulate the activity of neurons that respond to noxious stimuli. This system could also contribute to interactions between the immune and nervous systems via regulation of PKC.     

《吕氏春秋》领导心理思想研究

该文认为《吕氏春秋》蕴涵着丰富的领导心理思想。文章从领导者的个体心理过程,领导者的品质特征,领导者的权变思想,领导者的用人心理四个方面论述其领导心理思想。     

Preliminary findings with a new Vietnamese Stroop test.

Stroop performance was compared in primary Vietnamese- vs English-speaking individuals (age range 19-68 years), currently living in the USA. A modified Vietnamese Stroop task mimicked word, color, and interference effects of an English-language Stroop test. Stroop performance (items correctly completed and interference "cost") did not differ significantly between 30 Vietnamese Americans whose first language was Vietnamese (M age 34.3 yr.) vs 30 American-born individuals whose first language was English (M age 31.2 yr.). Expected performance decrements with aging were observed in English-language Stroop performance but not in Vietnamese-language Stroop performance, which instead exhibited a trend towards the opposite pattern. Unexpected group differences associated with age in Stroop performance may reflect subtle differences in task demands, not evident in simple category performance scores, or alternatively, cultural or neuropsychological differences in the study groups.     

《淮南子》人力管理的心理学思想

本文认为《淮南子》管理心理学思想,是对先秦道家的继承和发展。文章从人员的甄选心理、任用心理、激励心理三个方面对其中人力管理心理学思想作了整理。     

Parent and Teen Perceptions Regarding Parental Efforts at Controlling Teen Drunk Driving1

This research examined the potential utility of a parental control technique to prevent adolescent drunk driving by identifying parent and teen sources of resistance to an ignition interlock system. The research also examined the theoretical issue of parental control over adolescents by identifying factors parents consider when deciding to use a control technique. Parent and teen receptivity to the interlock was examined in relation to teen drunk driving. General parental control orientations (controlling vs. permissive) were examined in relation to the factors that influence parental decisions to implement such a control technique. Factors related to sources of reluctance to use the device were also examined. The findings revealed that parents were generally ambivalent toward the interlock. In contrast, teens responses varied, with approximately 20% of the sample reporting favorable attitudes toward having an interlock installed in the their cars. In addition, both parents and teens expressed concern about how the interlock would affect their relationship with each other. Finally, controlling parents tended to place less emphasis on the perceived effectiveness of the control technique when forming their attitudes toward its implementation compared to permissive parents. The findings are discussed in the context of prevention efforts for adolescent drunk driving.     

The Chinese single-child family programme and population psychology

China's population explosions of the early 1950s and late 1960s, followed by the launching of the one-child population policy, can be expected to have an effect on the country's demographic structure that will persist for another 60-80 years. The proportion of the population over 60 years of age should increase from 7.6% in 1982 to a peak of 25.3% by 2040. As a result, by the mid-21st century, a labor force comprised of half the population will be supporting equal numbers of young and aged people. Although political and economic utility factors make it unlikely that China's fertility rate will ever fall below 2.0, the steady aging of society will have long-term social as well as demographic consequences. Increased material and emotional investment in children, brought about by the one-child policy, may compete with investments in the needs of the aged. Recommended is consolidation of a three-generation family system in which grandparents help to maintain family interdependence and provide child care in exchange for support from their adult children. Such a model is consistent with the Confucian emphasis on respect for the wisdom of the elderly and responsibility for their well-being.     

目标－背景色的配合对彩色CRT显示工效的影响

以通道容量为作业效标,用实验方法对ＣＲＴ显示屏上黑、深蓝、绿、浅蓝、红、紫、黄、白等８种颜色组成的５６种目标－背景色配合方式与显示工效的关系作了比较研究。结果表明：从工效学考虑,彩色ＣＲＴ显示屏的背景色有以深色为好的趋势,目标色有以浅色为好的趋势。目标与背景色彩的恰当配合能显著提高信息的传递绩效。白目标黑背景、黄目标黑背景、绿目标黑背景等对比度较大的目标－背景配合显示工效最佳。     

运动竞赛状态焦虑量表（CSAI—2问卷）中国常模的修订

该量表是由美国伊利诺斯大学的马腾斯等人（１９９０）以多维的竞赛状态焦虑理论为指导而编制成的．我们在全国二十七个省市各级各类及各种项目的运动队中随机抽取了２,０９９名被试,按照优秀运动员（男、女）,中学（中专）文化程度（男、女）与大学（大专）文化程度（男、女）的样组修订出了中国的六个常模,还修订出６个分项目的常模,共１２个．同时,进行了效度和信度检验。本量表可以用于现场测试运动员（包括业余的、专业的和学生运动员）在进行运动竞赛时的焦虑水平。     

运动竞赛焦虑量表中国常模的修订

运动竞赛焦虑量表是由美国的马腾斯专为运动员编制的特质焦虑量表。它是一种与特定的情境相结合的、能够有效地测出被测者通常在运动竞赛(或游戏)时焦虑水平的量表。我们在全国六大区十四个省市抽取了2,988名被试,修订了10—12岁(男、女),13—15岁(男、女),16—18岁(男、女)和19—25岁(男、女)的八个常模。同时,进行了效度和信度检验。本量表可以作为对业余的或专业的运动员进行运动竞赛焦虑的诊断与研究用。     

Crossed aphasia in Chinese: a clinical survey.

According to our clinical observations from various aspects of stroke patients, such as the total incidence of aphasia, the incidence of aphasia after left brain damage of the dextrals, the aphasia that occurs in patients without hemiplegia, and the types of aphasia, a much higher incidence of crossed aphasia is seen among the stroke patients of the Han (the largest ethnic group in China) as compared with the Uighur-Kazaks (U-K) in China and the Occidentals documented in the literature. Motor aphasia is most common and pure sensory or posterior aphasia is rarely seen in Han patients. The distinct features of the Chinese language is a possible explanation for this difference. We suspect that language function of the Han is not localized in the left brain but in the right or both hemispheres. There is no definite Wernicke's area in the left brain of the Chinese people and the neural pathway of the language function in the brain of the Chinese people is not similar to people who speak phonetic languages. Consequently the universal applicability of the theories of cerebral laterality of the language function and dominant hemisphere established by Dax and Broca are questioned in this paper.