The roles of different executive functioning skills in young children’s mental computation and applied mathematical problem-solving

This study investigated the relationships of four executive functioning skills (including verbal working memory, spatial working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) with young children’s mental computation and applied mathematical problem-solving. Two hundred and twenty-five Chinese kindergarteners were tested with a battery of general cognitive, executive functioning and mathematics skills. Results showed that when children’s age, gender, non-verbal intelligence, and listening comprehension skills were controlled, verbal working memory and cognitive flexibility were significant correlates of mental computation, whereas verbal working memory, spatial working memory, and cognitive flexibility were significant correlates of applied mathematical problem-solving. Inhibitory control was not significantly associated with the two domains of mathematics under investigation. The findings highlight the differential roles of different executive functioning skills in early mathematical skills and offer practical implication for helping young children in learning complex mathematical skills.     

回到发生性-边缘性的终极境域——试论张祥龙先生对儒家“诗”“乐”之教的现象学阐释

在当代中国哲学界,张祥龙先生以其独有的现象学方法所重新发明的儒学思想——笔者将之称为现象学儒学——可谓独树一帜。张祥龙先生的现象学儒学至少有如下两点特色:(1)他极为重视现象学的境域发生分析方法,并将这一方法运用于本原或终极问题,导致他对本原或终极之物的境域发生性理解;(2)他尤为强调这种发生性终极境域的边缘性或边缘构成作用。张祥龙先生对于现象学尤其是现象学方法的这样一种独到、原初的理解,使得他能够发明或重新揭示出儒学的一些久已被遗忘或被遮蔽的思想维度,使其现象学儒学呈现出某种原发的力量。这尤其体现在他对儒家六艺的现象学阐释上。经过他的重新阐释,儒家六艺如诗乐的原初教化作用就体现为:营造并把我们带回到一个个具有原初解放与构成作用的边缘性纯境域,使人摆脱一切对象化的执着或束缚,从而解放人、拯救人,使得人生、国家和礼制在其中兴发更易,最终走向至善至美的境界。     

The Daily Motivators: Positive Work Events,Psychological Needs Satisfaction,and Work Engagement

This study examines the motivational effects of daily positive work events. Drawing on self-determination theory, we investigated the motivational mechanism of two clusters of commonly encountered positive work events—achievement and recognition events—from a within-person perspective. Specifically, we argue that achievement events and recognition events influence subsequent work engagement through satisfying different psychological needs. We tested our model using experience-sampling data from 200 full-time employees over eight workdays. As hypothesised, after controlling for positive affect as an additional mediator, both achievement and recognition events had positive effects on work engagement through psychological needs satisfaction. The results also revealed that achievement and recognition work events had differentiated effects in satisfying different psychological needs. These results shed light on the motivational function of positive work events above and beyond the affective mechanism and explicate the processes through which different types of positive work events relate to work engagement.     

Highlights as an Early Predictor of Student Comprehension and Interests

When engaging with a textbook, students are inclined to highlight key content. Although students believe that highlighting and subsequent review of the highlights will further their educational goals, the psychological literature provides little evidence of benefits. Nonetheless, a student’s choice of text for highlighting may serve as a window into her mental state—her level of comprehension, grasp of the key ideas, reading goals, and so on. We explore this hypothesis via an experiment in which 400 participants read three sections from a college-level biology text, briefly reviewed the text, and then took a quiz on the material. During initial reading, participants were able to highlight words, phrases, and sentences, and these highlights were displayed along with the complete text during the subsequent review. Consistent with past research, the amount of highlighted material is unrelated to quiz performance. Nonetheless, highlighting patterns may allow us to infer reader comprehension and interests. Using multiple representations of the highlighting patterns, we built probabilistic models to predict quiz performance and matrix factorization models to predict what content would be highlighted in one passage from highlights in other passages. We find that quiz score prediction accuracy reliably improves with the inclusion of highlighting data (by about 1%–2%), both for held-out students and for held-out student questions (i.e., questions selected randomly for each student), but not for held-out questions. Furthermore, an individual’s highlighting pattern is informative of what she highlights elsewhere. Our long-term goal is to design digital textbooks that serve not only as conduits of information into the reader’s mind but also allow us to draw inferences about the reader at a point where interventions may increase the effectiveness of the material.     

论理学对中国“画气”说的影响

中国画学中以气论画的传统可以追溯到六朝时期,而真正形成具有丰富理论内涵的画气说则在两宋。画气说的形成具有明显的哲学背景,北宋以来的理学思潮是画气说形成的最直接因素。本文认为,理学对画学理论中气论的影响主要集中在三个方面,一是为画气说提供一个有机论的基础,在气机哲学的影响下,中国画学将表现对象活泼生机作为根本目的,这突出体现在山水画和花鸟画中;二是从审美体验角度,中国画学形成了“以气合气”的独特创作思想;三是在绘画艺术形式上,气势论成为一引人注意的理论,六朝时的气韵生动理论获得了新的发展。     

中小学教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点的关系研究

本研究旨在探讨中小学教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点的关系。用教师职业倦怠问卷、工作压力调查表、自尊量表和控制点量表对766名教师进行了问卷调查。结果发现：教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点之间存在显著的相关关系;教师的工作压力、自尊、控制点分别对职业倦怠的情绪衰竭、非人性化、低成就感具有显著的预测作用。     

中文阅读及发展性阅读障碍眼动研究新进展

中文阅读眼动特征的评估参数主要包括注视点停留位置、眼跳、回视和注视时间等。基于眼动技术,并结合生理技术,研究者已揭示出正常读者中文阅读的多方面特点和规律。但对发展性阅读障碍的眼动研究,国内还没有开展起来。从上述两个角度出发,这里总结了正常读者中文阅读的眼动研究,并探讨了发展性阅读障碍者的眼动特征及机制。     

From "logographic" to normal reading: the case of a deaf beginning reader

Visual word recognition of a profoundly deaf girl (AH) with developmental reading disorders was explored using an experimental technique that measures performance as a function of eye fixation within a word. AH's fixation-dependent word recognition profile revealed that she was inferring the identity of words using a "logographic" reading strategy (i. e., using salient visual features). Following this observation a special training program that enhances the understanding of grapheme-phoneme relations was applied. After few months of training, AH's reading skills improved, while her fixation-dependent performance changed to become like that of normal readers. We discuss the impact of our technique for the early diagnosis of reading impairments.     

Be mindful in love: Exploring the interpersonal effects of spouse mindfulness on employee work and family outcomes

Mindfulness has received increasing attention from scholars and practitioners, and considerable research has demonstrated the intrapersonal effects of mindfulness at work or at home. Research to date, however, has overlooked potential interpersonal effects of mindfulness across the work and family domains. Drawing on the spillover-crossover model and the mindfulness literature, we investigate the effects of spouse mindfulness at home on employee work and family outcomes. We test our model using dyadic experience-sampling data collected from 125 focal employees and their spouses over 10 consecutive workdays. The results indicated that, at the within-person level, spouse mindfulness at home was positively associated with employee authentic emotional sharing at home, which, in turn, was positively associated with employee positive effect at home but negatively associated with employee negative affect at home. The results also indicated that spouse mindfulness at home had a positive indirect effect on family satisfaction at home and work engagement during the next morning through enhancing employee authentic emotional sharing at home. We discuss the implications of these findings and directions for the mindfulness research.     

闽东"咸水"妈祖与"淡水"妈祖——以霞浦沿海渔村和福安沿江集市为例

本文以福建省霞浦沿海渔村和福安沿江集市的妈祖婆信仰为例,比较二者在鼎建宫庙、信仰人群、置办庙产、祭祀活动等方面的异同,探讨了闽东咸水区与淡水区妈祖信仰的地方性特征,以及妈祖信仰从闽东咸水区传播到淡水区的过程。