大学生对艾滋病患者的责任归因及惩戒行为反应

本研究通过被试对特定情景的反应借助于结构方程模型来确定对艾滋病患者的部位和控制性归因、责任判断、情感以及惩戒行为之间的数量化关系。309名大学生被试参与了该项研究,研究结果表明：对艾滋病的内部可控归因引起较高责任推断,较高生气类情感反应和较低同情类情感反应,以及较高惩戒行为;部位和控制性归因影响到责任判断和情感反应,责任推断除了直接影响到惩戒行为反应外,还间接地以情感反应为中介对惩戒为发挥作用。论文还结合中国文化的特点对结果进行了讨论。     

Age-Related Differences in Metamemory Accuracy among the Elderly: The Effect of Declining Inhibitory Function

To explore the age-related difference in metamemory accuracy during older adulthood, we measured the metamemory calibration and resolution of older participants. In Study 1, we divided the participants into four groups by age: 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, and above 75 years. We used young adults as a contrast group. The results revealed the inconsistency of age-related differences in calibration and resolution. The young adults had higher calibration in global prediction than the four groups of older adults before the study, whereas there were no differences among the four elderly groups. There were no differences in resolution between the 60- to 64-year, 65- to 69-year and young adult groups, but these three groups had higher resolution than the 70- to 74-year and above 75-year groups for item-by-item prediction. In Study 2, we measured the older participants’ inhibitory function to explore whether impaired inhibitory function led to a decline in metacognitive ability in the elderly. The results showed that the inhibition function was highly correlated with the accuracy of judgments of learning (JOL) and can predict the accuracy of JOL to a certain extent.     

The development of generosity and moral cognition across five cultures

Morality is an evolved aspect of human nature, yet is heavily influenced by cultural environment. This developmental study adopted an integrative approach by combining measures of socioeconomic status (SES), executive function, affective sharing, empathic concern, theory of mind, and moral judgment in predicting sharing behavior in children (N = 999) from the age of 5 to 12 in five large‐scale societies: Canada, China, Turkey, South Africa, and the USA. Results demonstrate that age, gender, SES, culture, and social cognitive mechanisms explain over 20% of the variance worldwide in children's resource allocation. These findings are discussed in reference to standard cultural comparisons (individualist/collectivist), as well as the degree of market integration, and highlight continuities and discontinuities in children's generosity across urban contexts.     

Existential function of babies: Babies as a buffer of death-related anxiety

The present study examined babies as death anxiety buffers with Chinese participants in three experiments. In Experiment 1, death-related thoughts increased college-aged participants' interest in human babies. In Experiment 2, images of newborn animals reduced the number of death-related thoughts recorded by college-aged participants. In Experiment 3, female factory workers who read news articles describing deaths of babies had pessimistic estimations of their own life expectancies. An explanation of these results is provided within a terror management theory framework, with a primary focus on how babies reinforce cultural worldviews and enhance self-esteem via the notion of symbolic immortality. Thus, the anxiety-buffering function of baby is subsumed under cultural worldviews validation and self-esteem enhancement.     

内疚和羞耻的关系——来自反事实思维的验证

运用情境模拟法从反事实思维的角度探讨内疚与羞耻的关系.并比较了大学生和青少年罪犯反事实思维与内疚和羞耻关系方面的特点.结果表明:(1)研究结果部分支持"内疚事件和羞耻事件"假设,但不支持Lewis提出的"自我和行为"假设,甚至与该假设相反;(2)大学生和青少年罪犯反事实思维与内疚和羞耻的关系具有某些方面的一致性.但也存在着很大的差异.大学生自我导向的反事实思维与内疚感有更为密切的联系,而青少年罪犯行为导向的反事实思维与羞耻感有更为密切的联系.     

双重攻击模型的实证研究

本研究通过两个实验对双重攻击模型进行了验证.实验一借助实验性分离的逻辑,发现性别对内隐攻击性和外显攻击性存在不同影响,初步证明内隐攻击性和外显攻击性的分离论.实验二通过实证性因素分析,证明双重攻击模型具有较高的拟合参数.本研究证明内隐攻击性和外显攻击性分属两个不同的结构,构成双重攻击模型.     

周代战车驾马数探析

两周时期是车战盛行的时代,从上古文献记载来看,几乎是整齐划一的驷马驾车格局。然而仔细梳理两周时期的考古发现可见,文献记载与考古发现不相吻合,而地下出土文献如金文、简帛文献可以与考古实物相互印证,即以二马之驾居多。这说明,战车驾二是当时的驾马常制,传世文献多文学作品,有溢美之处。     

母亲社会情绪行为的相关因素研究

本研究考察了婴儿情绪特征、母亲受教育程度和母亲社会情绪行为的关系。结果表明：（1）情绪特征不同婴儿的在积极社会情绪行为上无显著差异,而在消极情绪行为上,负性情绪组婴儿的显著地少于负性情绪组婴儿的母亲;（2）受教育程度不同的在积极情绪行为上无显著差异,而在消极情绪行为上,受教育程度高的母亲显著地少于受教育程度低的母亲;（3）综合考察婴儿情绪特征和母亲受教育程度两方面因素,受教育程度在大专以下、负性情绪较多婴儿的母亲在积极情绪行为上与其他组的母亲无任何差异,而其消极情绪行为显著地多于其他组的母亲。     

内隐记忆中通道效应的认知与神经机制

通道转换是使内隐和外显记忆任务之间产生功能性分离经常操纵的典型变量之一,被看作是内隐记忆主要依赖刺激知觉住处加工的有利语气。该文回顾了近些年通道效应实验和理论研究的有关文献。对产生通道效应的认知机制和神经解剖基础进行了总结和分析,并提出了有待于进一步验证的问题。