The psychometrics of photographic cropping: the influence of colour, meaning, and expertise

Cropping is the central act of photography, the viewfinder of a camera being used to crop a portion of the visual world which is then surrounded with a frame. Six studies are described which show that the act of cropping is carried out reliably and confidently by both expert and non-expert participants. Two studies confirm that some croppers are better croppers than others, their cropped images being preferred aesthetically over the croppings of less-good croppers. Colour had little impact on cropping decisions, whereas thresholded monochrome images ('Mooney images') dramatically altered crop positions. That suggests that cropping can be driven top-down, by the meaning of objects in photographs, but the fact that the Mooneyised images are still cropped consistently, suggests that image structure, perhaps in the form of low-level image properties, may still be important. Experts crop pictures differently from non-experts, and they take longer, viewing a wider range of possible crops, pausing longer to assess crops, and using more formal terminology when reflecting on their cropping decisions. Experts' crops are not, however, preferred more, either by non-expert viewers or by expert viewers. Cropping, it is suggested, is an ideal paradigm for experimental aesthetics, allowing precise experimental control with Fechner's Method of Production, a technique which normally is not easy to use.     

Testing Differential Mediation Effects of Sub-dimensions of Political Skills in Linking Proactive Personality to Employee Performance

Purpose  

The purpose of this research was to examine the mediating roles of political skill dimensions (i.e., networking ability, interpersonal influence, social astuteness, and apparent sincerity) in linking employees’ proactive personality and supervisor-rated in-role performance and altruism.     

宗教心理学视阈下的詹姆斯“中介项”评述

宗教经验是宗教意识的主要内容之一,而宗教意识则是宗教心理学着重研究的对象。本文梳理了詹姆斯机能心理学派借助潜意识"中介项"理论,阐释宗教经验的历程,他认为潜意识这个人神相通的"中介项"是宗教神学的"亲密的伙伴",是宗教与科学对话的有效途径。     

一次性双管喉罩在泌尿外科侧卧位手术中应用探讨

观察一次性双管喉罩全屏静脉麻醉与气管插管全屏静脉在泌外侧卧位手术中对患者循环及并发症的影响。选取泌尿外科侧卧位手术患者60例,随机分为两组,每组30例,A组为双管喉罩组,B组为气管插管组,记录麻醉前（T1）及建立气道后1min（T2）、建立后5min（T3）,拔管后1min（T4）、拔管后5min（T5）对应时刻平均动...     

乙肝肝硬化患者的抗病毒治疗

乙肝肝硬化是HBV感染的最终结局之一。目前的研究证明,抗病毒治疗能使肝脏组织学获得改善甚至逆转肝硬化的病情。多种核苷（酸）类似物及干扰素的临床应用,使乙肝肝硬化的抗病毒治疗取得较大进展,但患者仍需长期甚至终生治疗。因此,应遵循个体化的治疗原则,针对患者病情、药物特点、不良反应、患者经济承受能力,选择强效、低耐药且较经济...     

From autonomy to creativity: a multilevel investigation of the mediating role of harmonious passion

Building on self-determination theory, we theorized about and demonstrated, through 2 multilevel field studies, the pivotal role of harmonious passion in translating organizational autonomy support and individual autonomy orientation into job creativity. Results based on 3-level data from 856 members in 111 teams within 23 work units of a porous metal company (Study 1) and from 525 employees in 98 teams of 18 branches of a large commercial bank (Study 2) revealed 2 major findings. First, organizational autonomy support from a higher organizational level (unit or branch) compensated for the effect of autonomy support from a lower organizational level (team) or individual autonomy orientation on employees' harmonious passion. Second, harmonious passion mediated the interactive effects of unit (branch) autonomy support and team member autonomy orientation, of team autonomy support and team member autonomy orientation, and of unit (branch) autonomy support and team autonomy support on individual creativity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings in the organizational context.     

Visual spatial skill: a consequence of learning to read?

Does learning to read influence one’s visual skill? In Study 1, kindergartners from Hong Kong, Korea, Israel, and Spain were tested on word reading and a task of visual spatial skill. Chinese and Korean kindergartners significantly outperformed Israeli and Spanish readers on the visual task. Moreover, in all cultures except Korea, good readers scored significantly higher on the visual task than did less good readers. In Study 2, we followed 215 Hong Kong Chinese kindergartners across 1 year, with word reading and visual skills tested twice. In this study, word reading at Time 1 by itself predicted 13% of unique variance in visual skill at Time 2. Together, these results underscore the potential importance of the process of learning to read for shaping one’s visual spatial skill development.     

Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory

Episodic memory consists of representations of specific episodes that happened in the past. Modeling episodic memory in animals requires careful examination of alternative explanations of performance. Putative evidence of episodic-like memory may be based on encoding failure or expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. In Experiment 1, rats were tested in a radial maze with study and test phases separated by a retention interval. The replenishment of chocolate (at its study-phase location) depended on two factors: time of day (morning vs. afternoon) and the presence or absence of chocolate pellets at the start of the test phase. Because replenishment could not be decoded until the test phase, rats were required to encode the study episode. Success in this task rules out encoding failure. In Experiment 2, two identical mazes in different rooms were used. Chocolate replenishment was trained in one room, and then they were asked to report about a recent event in a different room, where they had no expectation that the memory assessment would occur. Rats successfully answered the unexpected question, ruling out use of expectations derived from well-learned semantic rules. Our behavioral methods for modeling episodic memory may have broad application for assessments of genetic, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of both episodic memory and memory disorders such as those that occur in Alzheimer’s disease.     

情感韵律在真假句子加工上的差异：来自ERPs的证据

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术探讨语义-情感韵律的神经生理机制。六种基本情绪类型的韵律分两种条件呈现给被试,即假句子的韵律预期偏差条件和真句子的语义-韵律预期偏差条件。研究结果表明两种预期偏差是纯粹的价独立,无论情感价正性还是负性都会得出相同的ERP效应;六种情感韵律都诱发了右单侧化的ERP正波效应,而语义-情感韵律都诱发了早期双侧化分布的ERP负波效应。本研究进一步证实了情感韵律和语义-情感韵律加工的时间进程的差异性;同时,无论是有语义的真句子和无语义的假句子,情感韵律都能够提高表达的目的意图。     

青少年社会认知复杂性与同伴交往的相关分析

社会认知复杂性是描述个体社会认知结构特点的个体差异变量,作为社会认知领域的研究热点,当前却鲜有研究关注它与同伴交往的关系。本研究选取初一至高二234名中学生考察了社会认知复杂性与同伴交往之间的关系,并辅以人际交往能力、学业成就通过结构方程模型进一步探讨了二者之间关联的路径。结果表明：（1）青少年社会认知复杂性与同伴接受、同伴拒绝、人际交往能力、学业成就之间存在显著相关。社会认知复杂性高的学生获得了较多的同伴接纳、较少的同伴拒绝,并具有较高的人际交往能力和学业成就。（2）青少年社会认知复杂性以人际交往能力和学业成就为中介变量间接影响同伴的受欢迎程度。