聋童与听力正常儿童分类能力的比较研究

本研究通过不同性质的分类实验,比较了聋童和听力正常儿童在年龄和教育程度相同或相近的前提下表现出的分类能力的差异,研究结果表明:(1)听力正常儿童的分类水平高于聋童。(2)教育程度的提高对二者的分类水平均有明显的促进作用。(3)就本实验结果看,约在13、14岁间,二者的分类水平均趋于平稳。(4)具体语词的掌握对二者的分类水平均有明显的促进作用。(5)二者对具体材料的分类均优于对抽象材料的分类。     

用于项目生成的认知模型的构建与比较——以矩阵完成问题为例

项目生成是一种新的测验编制技术,它可以弥补传统测验编制技术的缺陷.使用该技术编制测验,要进行大量的前期工作,如必须要了解和归纳所编测验中项目的所有刺激特征,据此建立认知模型,再将认知模型与心理计量模型联合,构建能预测新生成项目难度的数学模型等.该研究以矩阵完成问题为例,在带约束的两参数Logistic模型的基础上,通过对构建的几个认知模型的比较,挑选合适的认知模型为矩阵完成问题的项目生成研究服务.研究结果表明,自建的认知模型能够满足矩阵问题项目生成的要求.     

不同心理弹性大学新生的积极消极情绪特征

该研究采用颜色词的stroop研究范式,探讨了积极、消极情绪诱导下,大一新生对积极、消极、中性三类颜色词的反应时辨别差异与错误率。实验结果表明,在消极情绪诱导下,高心理弹性个体在消极词汇上表现出较快的反应时;在积极情绪诱导下,高心理弹性个体在积极词汇上表现出较快的反应时;内隐实验获得的情绪反应倾向与心理弹性量表所测的外显情绪反应倾向趋于一致。结论:高心理弹性大学新生具有较多的积极情绪。     

Effect of V addition on the structure of ZrCr2 Laves phase: a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study

The structures of the binary ZrCr₂ and ZrCr₂ Laves phase with addition of V have been investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results show that annealed ZrCr₂ is the cubic C15 phase with micro-twins. In contrast, annealed Zr(CrV)₂ has a lamellar microstructure with a character of long-period stacking sequences. Further studies by HRTEM indicate that annealed Zr(CrV)₂ is the di-hexagonal C36 with a coalescence of 5-, 6- and 8-layer long-period stacking structures. The effect of V addition on the structural stability of ZrCr₂ is discussed.     

Home literacy experiences and literacy acquisition among children in Guangzhou, south China

Sénéchal's research in the West with English- and French-speaking children included positive relations of the development of literacy skills with home literacy experiences. There is a need to extend this research to other countries, especially in China where few studies have been done. This study examined relations of parental reports of formal and informal home literacy variables with Chinese children's vocabulary and written language development. Consistent with previous studies in the West, informal home literacy experiences were associated with Chinese children's vocabulary knowledge, and formal literacy experiences with reading skills. These findings fit previous research which distinguishes formal and informal literacy experiences in relation to children's performance on reading and language skills, and indicates reading to children is less effective for acquisition of print-specific skills.     

概念语义与弗雷格迷题消解

弗雷格因同一替换律讨论而提出了涵义与指称的理论,这个理论后来引出了弗雷格迷题。弗雷格迷题的形成有多方原因,直接指称论对弗雷格理论批评是主要原因之一,以至于可以说,这是产生于直接指称论哲学立场的迷题。尽管如此,弗雷格理论确有不足。最重要的是,弗雷格理论只有关于涵义与指称的理论,即只有语言层面的理论,而缺少认知层面的理论。这个不足使得在弗雷格理论基础上解决同一替换律问题难有令人满意的结果,让"迷题"多添了几分"迷"的色彩。这里将给出一个新的方案:在弗雷格理论的基础上,增加有关概念的理论,以概念和内涵、涵义等这些概念的形式刻画为中心,建立可以消解弗雷格迷题的形式语义学,即概念语义。通过概念语义可以在不同层次上对弗雷格迷题的消解给出统一回答。     

The Relationship Between Narcissism and Friendship Qualities in Adolescents: Gender as a Moderator

The present study explored the gender characteristics of narcissism as well as its relationship with friendship quality dimensions (i.e., trust & support, validation, and disclosure & communication) among 485 (197 boys and 288 girls) junior high and high school adolescents in a Southwest province in China. Significant gender differences were found, such that boys were more narcissistic than girls,while girls reported higher levels of friendship qualities, including validation and disclosure & communication. To examine gender moderations in the relationships between narcissism and friendship quality dimensions, multiple-group (by boys and girls) structural equation modeling were conducted. The results revealed the significant gender moderations in the associations between narcissism and friendship quality dimensions, while controlling for adolescent grade level. Specifically, narcissism significantly and positively related to the three aspects of friendship qualities (i.e., trust & support, validation, and disclosure & communication) among boys, but was not related to friendship quality among girls. Discussions are provided for an understanding of the current findings in the Chinese cultural context.     

“心学”源流考

说到"心学",人们马上会联想到"陆王心学",其实,"陆王心学"的说法是很晚才有的。在宋代,"心学"最常见、最典型的是指与"十六字心传"相关的传心之学。本文拟先考察 "心学"的原初意义,然后再看其在后代的演变。一在汉语中,"心学"这一概念产生得比较晚,它大概首先是南北朝时在翻译佛教经典中使用的,其中的例子有: "当学三学:谓增上戒学,增上心学,增上慧学。"(《解脱论道》卷一,见《大正藏》卷三十二,四〇〇上) 在佛教语境中,心学一般与禅定相关,意味着摒除杂念、专心致志、观悟四谛。本文所考察的心学是儒家的概念,与上述佛教的心学不同。虽然如此,它还是与佛教有关     

The act of rejecting reduces the desire to reconnect: Evidence for a cognitive dissonance account

Through three experiments we examined whether the act of rejecting reduces the desire to reconnect with others. In Experiment 1, female participants who had just rejected a job applicant were less motivated to make new friends than the controls. In Experiment 2, female participants who had insufficient justifications to reject a paper were more reluctant to work with others than those who had sufficient justifications to reject. In Experiment 3, high-choice female participants showed more reduction in reconnecting desire than low-choice female participants. Furthermore, female participants who could misattribute their discomfort away showed less reduction in reconnecting desire. However, in all three experiments, male participants showed less reduction in reconnection desire than females. A follow-up survey showed that males and females differed in their senses of social connectedness and their different discomfort level at rejecting others. Overall, results supported the cognitive dissonance account which posits that, because the act of rejecting is in conflict with the fundamental motive to affiliate, such conflict may compel the mind to modify the existing attitude. Thus rejecting reduces the desire to forge new social connections.     

Semantic and Syntactic Associations During Word Search Modulate the Relationship Between Attention and Subsequent Memory

Two experiments were conducted to investigate how linguistic information influences attention allocation in visual search and memory for words. In Experiment 1, participants searched for the synonym of a cue word among five words. The distractors included one antonym and three unrelated words. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the five words presented on the screen comprise a valid sentence. The relationships among words were sentential, semantically related or unrelated. A memory recognition task followed. Results in both experiments showed that linguistically related words produced better memory performance. We also found that there were significant interactions between linguistic relation conditions and memorization on eye-movement measures, indicating that good memory for words relied on frequent and long fixations during search in the unrelated condition but to a much lesser extent in linguistically related conditions. We conclude that semantic and syntactic associations attenuate the link between overt attention allocation and subsequent memory performance, suggesting that linguistic relatedness can somewhat compensate for a relative lack of attention during word search.