“马祖禅”对新时代坚持佛教中国化方向的启示

中国禅宗史上,自六祖慧能后,被奉为"祖"的,唯马祖一人。马祖广建丛林,培育人才,开创了新的禅宗时代,在中国禅宗发展史上具有承前启后的重要地位,也开创了佛教中国化的新机缘。马祖禅以江西为中心(马祖驻锡赣州28年,马祖禅思想发轫、成熟于赣南),继承菩提达摩以来,特别是慧能、怀让禅的主旨,融会创新,以其鲜明的特色丰富了禅宗的修行、悟道方式,促使南禅进一步发展,并如星星之火,扩展至包括朝鲜半岛在内的广大地区。马祖禅是赣南的文化瑰宝,以史为鉴,探索马祖禅的特点,以期对佛教坚持中国化方向提供若干启示。     

冲突视阈下类别信息与个体信息知觉负载的认知控制效应

个体根据知觉选择、反应偏向以及实时更新的情境信息调节自身状态,以适应性地促进对当前知觉信息的灵活编码,这一过程即为印象形成的认知控制。采用词语判断任务与侧抑制任务的变式将他人信息(类别信息vs.个体信息)分成高、低知觉负载两种水平,考察了冲突视阈下认知控制策略对他人印象形成的调控作用及知觉负载的效应。结果发现:(1)知觉负载影响他人印象形成的认知控制策略。(2)当类别信息与个体信息存在知觉冲突且个体的知觉负载较高时,受到反应性控制的作用,他人印象形成易出现冲突适应偏向; 当个体的知觉负载较低时,他人印象形成易受主动性控制的作用,从而产生冲突抑制偏向。这些结果表明,当个体形成他人印象时,其认知控制策略因受知觉负载影响而呈现分阶段加工特征。     

Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Model

Low family socioeconomic status (SES) is linked with adolescents’ symptoms of depression, but little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this association. Based on ecosystem theory and the organism-environment interaction model, we tested whether emotional resilience mediated the relationship between family SES and depressive symptoms, and whether parent–child relationship quality moderated the relationship. Adolescents (N?=?724) from one middle school in central China completed self-reported questionnaires regarding demographic variables, family SES, emotional resilience, parent–child relationship quality, and depressive symptoms. Regression-based mediation analysis indicated that emotional resilience mediated the association between family SES and depressive symptoms. Parent–child relationship quality moderated two components of this mediation process, namely the effects of low SES on both emotional resilience and depressive symptoms. In both cases, a high quality parent–child relationship ameliorated the adverse effects of low family SES. That is, adolescents with a higher quality relationship with their parent appeared to be less affected by low family SES. The study reveals how and when family SES may affect adolescents’ depressive symptoms, and highlights the protective effect of a high quality parent–child relationship in a low SES environment.

     

The UMP Exact Test and the Confidence Interval for Person Parameters in IRT Models

In educational and psychological measurement when short test forms are used, the asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator of the person parameter of item response models does not hold. As a result, hypothesis tests or confidence intervals of the person parameter based on the normal distribution are likely to be problematic. Inferences based on the exact distribution, on the other hand, do not suffer from this limitation. However, the computation involved for the exact distribution approach is often prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we propose a general framework for constructing hypothesis tests and confidence intervals for IRT models within the exponential family based on exact distribution. In addition, an efficient branch and bound algorithm for calculating the exact p value is introduced. The type-I error rate and statistical power of the proposed exact test as well as the coverage rate and the lengths of the associated confidence interval are examined through a simulation. We also demonstrate its practical use by analyzing three real data sets.     

Word segmentation by alternating colors facilitates eye guidance in Chinese reading

During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading.     

Popularity Procurement and Pay Off: Antecedents and Consequences of Popularity in the Workplace

Purpose

This study examines agreeableness and work knowledge as predictors of employees’ popularity above and beyond core self-evaluation (CSE), and the moderating role of these constructs on the CSE–popularity relationship. We also investigate popularity’s effects on supervisor-rated task performance and promotion potential, and the conditional indirect effects of CSE on these outcomes via popularity.

Design/Methodology/Approach

Multi-source data were collected from 213 employees, their coworkers, and direct supervisors in a Chinese mine trading company.

Findings

Agreeableness predicted popularity above and beyond CSE and moderated the CSE–popularity relationship, although the direct and moderating effects of work knowledge were nonsignificant. Popularity positively influenced performance ratings but not promotion potential. Results also supported conditional indirect effects of CSE on performance ratings via popularity.

Implications

The current findings underscore the importance of examining workplace popularity. Discovering agreeableness as an additional predictor of popularity and its moderation effects on the CSE–popularity link suggests that communal qualities are important for employees’ attainment of popularity. The discussion also focuses on expanding the scope of workplace popularity to include performance-related outcomes. Lastly, this study considers how employee characteristics connect to performance ratings through popularity.

Originality/Value

Workplace popularity is relatively unexplored but has tremendous organizational implications. This research advances the understanding of how to attain workplace popularity and the boundary conditions for the relationship between CSE and popularity. It also extends consequences associated with workplace popularity beyond interpersonal outcomes and assesses the role of popularity, a construct rooted in collective perception, in explaining links between employee characteristics and performance-related outcomes.

     

时间压力、个人相关性对不同类型框架下决策的影响

该文以178名大学生为被试,考察三种框架下,时间压力、个人相关性对决策及框架效应的影响。结果表明,风险选择框架中,时间压力大,被试思考点数目少,决策保守;但压力和相关性均没有对框架效应造成影响;判定框架下,相关性越高,思考点数目越多,越不易出现框架效应;决策与思考点数目基本保持一致。     

用仪器找寻上帝

心理学和神经学研究人员通过对颞叶癫痫症病人的研究,发现大脑负责“自我感觉”、情感反应和自我记忆的颞叶区某些部位对宗教体验的产生有明显的影响。根据这一发现,设计出一台仪器,激发一种特定的磁场,诱发健康人脑部颞叶产生类似于癫痫发作的症状,被试者会体验到身体漂浮、变形,并出现宗教内容的幻觉。通过科技手段,上帝现身都可以模仿了,信徒们声称的亲眼见过上帝等宗教体验还可信吗？     

时间管理倾向与主观幸福感、工作倦怠的关系研究

以220名处级干部为研究对象,探讨了时间管理倾向与主观幸福感、工作倦怠的关系以及时间效能感在时间监控能力和主观幸福感、工作倦怠之间的中介作用.结果表明,时间管理倾向的时间价值感、时间监控能力和时间效能感三个维度与主观幸福感存在显著的正相关,与工作倦怠存在显著的负相关;主观幸福感与工作倦怠存在显著的负相关;时间效能感对时间监控能力与主观幸福感、工作倦怠之间具有部分中介作用,即时间监控能力既可以通过时间效能感影响主观幸福感和工作倦怠,也可以直接影响主观幸福感和工作倦怠.     

大学生的学习观及其与学习动机、自我效能感的关系

采用大学生学习观问卷、大学生学习动机量表(WMI)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)及学习效能感量表,选取254名大学生作为被试进行问卷调查,探讨大学生的学习观现状及其与学习动机、一般自我效能感、学习效能感的关系.结果表明:大学生的学习观总体上是倾向于建构性的;文理科学生、本专科学生在学习观的各维度得分上不存在显著差异;大学生的学习观与其内生动机、一般自我效能感、学习效能感存在显著正相关,与外生动机多为显著负相关;学业自我体验与学习过程观是大学生内生动机的有效预测变量,学业自我体验是大学生一般自我效能感和学习效能感的有效预测变量.