运动员咀嚼口香糖行为与竞赛焦虑的关系

为考察运动员咀嚼口香糖行为与竞赛焦虑的关系,本研究采用自编《咀嚼口香糖与竞赛焦虑问卷CGSCA》与《运动竞赛焦虑测验SCAT》,调查了457名运动员。结果发现,SCAT表明,运动员在竞赛情景下普遍处于应激状态并容易体验到焦虑;CGSCA表明,竞赛咀嚼行为与竞赛焦虑存在显著正相关,竞赛焦虑高的个体拥有更多的竞赛咀嚼行为,并更多地采用咀嚼口香糖的方式来缓解竞赛焦虑。本研究表明,咀嚼口香糖可以缓解运动员的竞赛焦虑。     

感知价值、满意度与继续使用意向—基于3G用户的实证研究

本文考察感知价值、满意度对继续使用意向的作用机理。基于相关理论与实证研究,我们首先提出3G用户继续使用意向概念模型与研究假设,然后通过实证研究对假设进行检验。研究结果表明感知价值和满意度决定继续使用意向。满意度是继续使用意向最强的预测因子。感知有用性和感知使用成本既直接作用于继续使用意向,也通过满意度间接作用于继续使用意向。感知易用性和感知形象提升直接作用于继续使用意向,而不需要通过满意度的中介作用。     

Intrinsic reading motivation of Chinese preschoolers and its relationships with home literacy

The relationship between intrinsic motivation and home literacy of preschoolers was explored. One hundred and seventy-seven preschool children (3.8 to 6.6 years old) in Mainland China and one of the parents who primarily took care of each child participated in the study. Six indicators were considered as a measure of home literacy. Results showed that after controlling for parents' education level and children's age, three home literacy indicators-parental model of reading behaviour, number of books, and years of character teaching-could explain children's intrinsic reading motivation. Contrary to previous Western studies, Chinese children's freedom of book choice was not related to their intrinsic reading motivation. Results are discussed in the context of culture differences.     

Testing the measurement equivalence of personality adjective items across cultures

Although previous research has examined cross-cultural differences in personality, many of these studies neglected to first establish that the measures being used were equivalent in meaning across cultures. Using samples of Chinese, Greek, and American respondents, the measurement equivalence of the Big Five Mini-Markers [Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality assessment, 63, 506–516] was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate that all of the scales demonstrate configural invariance, but fail to show metric or scalar invariance. Several adjectives from these scales were found to exhibit bias at the item-level. The practical implications of these results are discussed and future research is suggested.     

神圣与凡俗:二分法建构的宗教生活——涂尔干《宗教生活的基本形式》的宗教起源研究

本文认为涂尔干的<宗教生活的基本形式>及其宗教学研究将宗教生活建构于神圣与凡俗、个人与社会等二分法之中,并在其中试图追溯宗教的起源.这种主题和研究方法所导向的最终研究结果虽然不太完善,但是在解答宗教起源问题上的尝试,从另一个方面规范着人类学的发展方向,拓宽了人类学的研究视野,丰富了人类学的研究方法,不但对其后的发展影响深远,而且也逾越了单一的学科领域,与整个西方文化尤其是社会科学的发展有着诸多的牵连.     

中国民间教门与教门文化（三）

民间教门在中国历史上长期存在,不仅影响渗透到中国社会的各个领域,控制着千百万下层群众生活,时刻威胁着封建政权,而且延续到现实的社会生活。当今一些邪教和黑社会组织,与它们有着一定的渊源关系。民间教门是民间神灵信仰的组织化和团体化．具有宗教性与叛逆性双重属性。根据民间教门历史演变轨迹呈现出的阶段性特征．可划分为发生发展、活跃发展、繁盛发展、分化转折等四个历史阶段。教门文化既有精华又有糟粕,随着历史条件的变迁,到晚清和民国时期,总体上演变为对抗民主与科学、阻挡社会进步的最顽固、最落后的腐朽文化。用马克思主义唯物史观和宗教观研究中国民间教门与教门文化。对深入开展同邪教组织的斗争,可从多方面获得智慧和启示。     

Galpha(i2) inhibition of adenylate cyclase regulates presynaptic activity and unmasks cGMP-dependent long-term depression at Schaffer collateral-CA1 hippocampal synapses

Cyclic AMP signaling plays a central role in regulating activity at a number of synapses in the brain. We showed previously that pairing activation of receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase (AC) and reduce the concentration of cyclic AMP, with elevation of the concentration of cyclic GMP is sufficient to elicit a presynaptically expressed form of LTD at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the hippocampus. To directly test the role of AC inhibition and G-protein signaling in LTD at these synapses, we utilized transgenic mice that express a mutant, constitutively active inhibitory G protein, Galpha(i2), in principal neurons of the forebrain. Transgene expression of Galpha(i2) markedly enhanced LTD and impaired late-phase LTP at Schaffer collateral synapses, with no associated differences in input/output relations, paired-pulse facilitation, or NMDA receptor-gated conductances. When paired with application of a type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor to elevate the concentration of intracellular cyclic GMP, constitutively active Galpha(i2) expression converted the transient depression normally caused by this treatment to an LTD that persisted after the drug was washed out. Moreover, this effect could be mimicked in control slices by pairing type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor application with application of a PKA inhibitor. Electrophysiological recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and two-photon visualization of vesicular release using FM1-43 revealed that constitutively active Galpha(i2) tonically reduced basal release probability from the rapidly recycling vesicle pool of Schaffer collateral terminals. Our findings support the hypothesis that inhibitory G-protein signaling acts presynaptically to regulate release, and, when paired with elevations in the concentration of cyclic GMP, converts a transient cyclic GMP-induced depression into a long-lasting decrease in release.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童在不同加工阶段的干扰控制

采用刺激－刺激和刺激－反应相容性任务范式,将信息加工在知觉和反应阶段的冲突效应分离开来,考察注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,简称ADHD）儿童在知觉和反应阶段冲突控制的模式和时间轨迹。结果发现,在反应阶段,ADHD儿童的干扰控制能力明显弱于正常对照组儿童,混合型ADHD儿童的能力更弱于注意缺陷型ADHD儿童;在知觉阶段,ADHD儿童没有明显的干扰抑制缺损,两组ADHD儿童（注意缺陷型和混合型）的表现模式相似;儿童抑制冲突干扰所遵循的时间轨迹在知觉和反应阶段有所不同：与知觉阶段相比,反应阶段需要更长的时间才能抑制冲突干扰。但ADHD儿童和正常儿童之间的表现模式相似     

个体认知方式与材料复杂性对视空间工作记忆的影响

采用计算机呈现的Corsi积木点击任务,探讨了不同认知方式个体对材料的路径、结构和数量复杂性不同的视空间工作记忆的广度。研究结果表明：（1）场独立性认知方式是影响视空间工作记忆广度的一个重要的个别差异变量,在路径复杂或呈现的材料结构随机的条件下,场独立者的视空间工作记忆广度明显高于场依存者;（2）材料呈现的路径、数量是影响视空间记忆广度的重要因素,在路径简单或数量少的情况下被试的视空间记忆广度要明显得高     

内疚和羞耻的关系——来自反事实思维的验证

运用情境模拟法从反事实思维的角度探讨内疚与羞耻的关系.并比较了大学生和青少年罪犯反事实思维与内疚和羞耻关系方面的特点.结果表明:(1)研究结果部分支持"内疚事件和羞耻事件"假设,但不支持Lewis提出的"自我和行为"假设,甚至与该假设相反;(2)大学生和青少年罪犯反事实思维与内疚和羞耻的关系具有某些方面的一致性.但也存在着很大的差异.大学生自我导向的反事实思维与内疚感有更为密切的联系,而青少年罪犯行为导向的反事实思维与羞耻感有更为密切的联系.