反思中国近现代心理学的发展轨迹

近现代中国心理学是在西学东渐的大背景下传人的,曾面临多种发展的可能性,但最终在西方强势话语下选择了追随西方心理学传统的路径.这突出表现在心理学的自然科学化和专业化上.而这也正是世界主流心理学走过的道路.问题是这种做法在取得巨大成绩的同时也付出了沉重的代价,应该引起今天关心中国心理学前途的人们的反思.     

智力开发的基本理念与实践

以高度分化的g因素研究为理论基础,智力开发活动形成了神经潜能开发、心理管理与反省经验开发、专家技能开发、多元智力开发、社会分布式认知开发、知识表征重组开发、环境重组开发等智力要素开发理念以及一些代表性的实践。随着对智力结构的整合研究的出现和不断深入,智力开发理念和模式将由分化的要素开发向整合开发转变,以智力与其他心理结构、智力与内部世界和外部世界系统关系为基础的智力开发将是理论和实践研究的重点内容     

电视广告中性别角色定型研究述评

文章首先介绍了性别角色定型的相关概念和广告中性别角色定型研究的理论基础,然后从内容分析和受众反应两个角度回顾并总结了有关电视广告中性别角色定型的研究。内容分析的结果表明：虽然经过了20多年的女权运动,电视广告中的性别角色定型并没有减弱;电视广告中的性别角色定型具有国际普遍性。受众反应的结果表明：受众对电视广告中的性别角色定型的反应是一个复杂的过程,会受到多种因素,比如性别、年龄、受教育程度和女性主义意识等的影响     

进化心理学的过去和现在

进化心理学这个术语是90年代出现的,它从社会生物学演化而来,声势逐渐壮大。但它的思想起源却可以向前追溯一个多世纪。进化心理学否定了标准社会科学模式,注重对平常问题的研究。解释取向的进化心理学是比较成功的,它作为一种思想方法,已经渗透进心理学之外的许多领域,成就突出的是经济学领域。对进化心理学的批评主要集中在它非经验主义的方法上,但它仍然有巨大潜力。     

ERP characteristics of sentential inductive reasoning in time and frequency domains

Earlier studies have examined the issues of brain spatial localization in human sentential inductive reasoning using PET/fMRI. However, the temporal characteristics of such reasoning remain unclear. In our present study, we have used ERP (Event-related Potential) to further study human inductive reasoning involving sentential tasks. For congruent induction tasks, in which premises and conclusions are related, participants need to synthesize semantic information from the premises, conclusions, as well as background knowledge, while for incongruent induction tasks (baseline), in which premises and conclusions are unrelated, participants can respond “no” immediately. Behavioral data have been obtained that is consistent with expectations. ERPs imply that participants may integrate semantic information within the time window of 350–650 ms. Statistical analysis in the frequency domain has revealed a significant increase in the power of the gamma band (30–50 Hz) for congruent induction tasks in contrast to incongruent induction tasks.     

Syntactic priming in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

Using the event-related potential (ERP) technique, this study examined the nature of syntactic priming effects in Chinese. Participants were required to read prime-target sentence pairs each embedding an ambiguous relative clause (RC) containing either the same verb or a synonymous verb. In Chinese, the word de serves as a relative clause marker. During reading a potential Chinese RC structure (either the prime or the target sentence), Chinese readers initially expect to read an Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) structure but the encounter of a relative clause marker de would make readers abandon the initial strategy and reanalyze the structure as a relative clause. A reduced P600 effect was elicited by the critical word de in the target sentence containing the same initial verb as in the prime sentence. No significant reduction of the P600 was observed in the target sentences in the synonymous condition. The results demonstrated that verb repetition but not similarity in meaning produced a syntactic priming effect in Chinese. The constraint-based lexicalist hypothesis and the argument structure theory were adopted to explain the syntactic priming effect obtained in the current study.     

元分析价值的置信区间表示

通过统计模拟的数据分析发现:当以置信区间表示研究结果时,元分析的价值简单地表现为置信区间宽度的减小。在统计推断方面,这种区间宽度的减小会使得元分析能够通过降低样本观察值落在中间模糊区域的概率而提高检验效力;在效应估计方面,这种区间宽度的减小能够稳定地反映由元分析而促成的效应估计精度的增加。研究还揭示:当以置信区间表示研究结果时,元分析和单项研究在逻辑上是连贯的。     

高考数学试卷多维项目反应理论的分析及应用

高考数学学科试卷的试题综合性较强,一道试题通常考查多种能力属性,而基于单维性假设下的经典测量理论和传统的项目反应理论无法完成该种情形下试卷测量性能分析和考生作答表现分析.本文以MIRT理论为基础,使用CONQUEST软件为工具进行分析,可以获得试卷内部不同能力维度之间的相关以及考生不同维度的能力参数,为提升命题质量和改进教学提供了依据,表明MIRT具有很好的应用前景.由于MIRT理论的复杂性以至于目前分析软件的不足制约其进一步的深入应用,这是今后应该深入研究的问题.     

Refining the two‐parameter testlet response model by introducing testlet discrimination parameters

For testlet response data, traditional item response theory (IRT) models are often not appropriate due to local dependence presented among items within a common testlet. Several testlet‐based IRT models have been developed to model examinees' responses. In this paper, a new two‐parameter normal ogive testlet response theory (2PNOTRT) model for dichotomous items is proposed by introducing testlet discrimination parameters. A Bayesian model parameter estimation approach via a data augmentation scheme is developed. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed 2PNOTRT model. The results indicated that the estimation of item parameters is satisfactory overall from the viewpoint of convergence. Finally, the proposed 2PNOTRT model is applied to a set of real testlet data.     

Definability and the Structure of Logical Paradoxes

Graham Priest 2002 argues that all logical paradoxes that include set-theoretic paradoxes and semantic paradoxes share a common structure, the Inclosure Schema, so they should be treated as one family. Through a discussion of Berry's Paradox and the semantic notion ‘definable’, I argue that (i) the Inclosure Schema is not fine-grained enough to capture the essential features of semantic paradoxes, and (ii) the traditional separation of the two groups of logical paradoxes should be retained.