社会认知中印象形成的记忆和认知表征研究

本文以社会认知为出发点,考察印象形成记忆和认知表征;采用具体行为描述作为刺激材料,通过三个实验,160名被试,系统考察了印象形成中行为信息加工的方式。结果表明：（1）印象形成过程中,我们对行为信息进行精致加工编码,行为信息与品质相关,但它们是独立存贮在记忆中;（2）项目增加和项目丢失技术是区别精致加工和组织加工的有效工具。     

关于问题难度的实验研究

利用一种新型的人工问题,探讨了一些影响问题难度的因素。结果表明：未知参数越多,问题难度越大;中间未知参数不予提示时问题难度显著提高;参数排列方式越乱,问题难度越大;供选择的操作数越多,问题难度越大;供选择的操作的相似性越强,问题难度就越大;对过去题目中某些特征的意识水平越高,经验就越容易迁移,从而影响难度。     

字频影响常用汉字认知速度的实验研究

以熟知汉字的大学生为被试,对影响常用汉字认知速度的因素进行了探索．结果发现：（１）读音反应中存在字频效应,对高频字的认读明显快于低频字,表明字频是影响汉字认知速度的因素之一．（２）未见有笔画数效应,认读汉字不是以笔画为单位而可能是以意义化的组块为加工单位的．作者认为影响汉字认知速度的因素是多重的．     

Functional relationships in the nuclear and extended family: A 16‐culture study

This study investigated the relationship between culture, structural aspects of the nuclear and extended family, and functional aspects of the family, that is, emotional distance, social interaction, and communication, as well as geographical proximity. The focus was on the functional aspects of family, defined as members of the nuclear family (mother, father, and their children) and the extended family (grandmother/grandfather, aunt/uncle, cousins). Sixteen cultures participated in this study, with a total number of 2587 participants. The first hypothesis, that the pattern of scores on the psychological measures and the behavioral outcomes are similar across cultures, an indication of cultural universality, was supported. The second hypothesis, that functional relations between members of the nuclear family and their kin are maintained in high‐affluent and low‐affluent cultures, and that differences in functional relationships in high‐ and low‐affluent cultures are a matter of degree, was also supported by the findings. The results suggest that it is less meaningful in cross‐cultural family studies to ask questions about the structure of the family, than to ask about the functional relationships between members of the nuclear family and their kin. In looking only at the nuclear family, one focuses only on those residing in the household, but ignores those important members of the extended family who may reside nearby and their significant relationships with the members of the nuclear family.     

注意瞬脱：短暂失控、延迟选择还是资源耗竭？

传统理论认为有限的注意资源分配给前面的靶引起随后靶的认知受损导致注意瞬脱.但新近的理论强调插入在连续靶中的干扰物在AB中的作用.该研究通过比较位于快速序列视觉呈现的数字干扰物中分别由两个字母之间插入1个数字、字母或符号构成的3种3字符在两种不同报告方式下的成绩,对TLC理论和延迟选择理论进行了检验.证明单一理论不能全面解释AB实验现象,提示AB的发生是多种机制共同作用的结果.     

外显竞争态度对内隐竞争与合作的影响

通过《竞争态度量表（中国版）》进行测验,选取良性竞争态度和过度竞争态度大学生各60名作为被试。采用偏好判断与再认测验相结合的实验范式,操纵三种不同的加工类型,考察两组被试对竞争动词、合作动词两类刺激的内隐与外显记忆贡献。结果显示：1）过度竞争态度者和良性竞争态度者都具有很强的内隐竞争性;2）过度竞争态度者比良性竞争态度者具有更强的内隐竞争性;3）良性竞争态度者比过度竞争态度者具有更强的内隐合作性。     

对乙肝患者群体认知的矛盾态度:行为与ERP证据

采用GNAT范式并结合事件相关电位（ERP）,考查不同矛盾状态（高矛盾VS低矛盾）被试对特殊群体的态度及其在行为、脑加工机制上的差异。结果表明：（1）个体对于乙肝患者存在矛盾态度;（2）高、低矛盾被试对乙肝患者的态度差异,主要表现在积极维度而非消极维度上。（3）N270的出现及LPC的差异表明,矛盾态度的加工是个体根据背景对预存性评价予以修正的过程。     

Metaphorical mapping between raw–cooked food and strangeness–familiarity in Chinese culture

Previous research has demonstrated metaphorical mappings between physical coldness–warmth and social distance–closeness. Since the concepts of interpersonal warmth are frequently expressed in terms of food-related words in Chinese, the present study sought to explore whether the concept of raw–cooked food could be unconsciously and automatically mapped onto strangeness–familiarity. After rating the nutritive value of raw or cooked foods, participants were presented with morphing movies in which their acquaintances gradually transformed into strangers or strangers gradually morphed into acquaintances, and were asked to stop the movies when the combined images became predominantly target faces. The results demonstrated that unconscious and automatic metaphorical mappings between raw–cooked food and strangeness–familiarity exist. This study provides a foundation for testing whether Chinese people can think about interpersonal familiarity using mental representations of raw–cooked food and supports cognitive metaphor theory from a crosslinguistic perspective.     

Planning Beyond the Next Trial in Adaptive Experiments: A Dynamic Programming Approach

Experimentation is at the heart of scientific inquiry. In the behavioral and neural sciences, where only a limited number of observations can often be made, it is ideal to design an experiment that leads to the rapid accumulation of information about the phenomenon under study. Adaptive experimentation has the potential to accelerate scientific progress by maximizing inferential gain in such research settings. To date, most adaptive experiments have relied on myopic, one‐step‐ahead strategies in which the stimulus on each trial is selected to maximize inference on the next trial only. A lingering question in the field has been how much additional benefit would be gained by optimizing beyond the next trial. A range of technical challenges has prevented this important question from being addressed adequately. This study applies dynamic programming (DP), a technique applicable for such full‐horizon, “global” optimization, to model‐based perceptual threshold estimation, a domain that has been a major beneficiary of adaptive methods. The results provide insight into conditions that will benefit from optimizing beyond the next trial. Implications for the use of adaptive methods in cognitive science are discussed.     

The effect of brand anthropomorphism,brand distinctiveness,and warmth on brand attitude: A mediated moderation model

Brand anthropomorphism is one of the most widely used marketing strategies, and numerous studies have confirmed the positive effect of anthropomorphism on consumers' brand attitude. However, anthropomorphism does not always produce positive effects in particular conditions. This study focuses on the interaction effect of brand anthropomorphism and brand distinctiveness on brand attitude and tests the mediating effect of warmth and competence using the Stereotype Content Model. The results of two experiments show that brand anthropomorphism positively predicts consumers' brand attitude, and brand position (distinctiveness vs. popularity) moderates this relationship. Anthropomorphism may improve consumers' attitudes when the brand is positioned to be popular but has no effect on consumers' attitudes when the brand is positioned to be distinctive. Additionally, warmth (not competence) mediates the interaction effect of anthropomorphism and brand position on brand attitude. This study expands the extant knowledge on anthropomorphism and stereotypes in the field of consumption psychology and provides marketers with more rational strategies when applying anthropomorphism in marketing campaigns.