It is currently unclear whether it is the need to maintain metabolic efficiency, the need to keep skeletal loading below critical force levels, or simple mechanical factors that drive the walk-to-run (W-R) and run-to-walk (R-W) transitions in human gait. Eighteen adults (9 males and 9 females) locomoted on an instrumented treadmill using their preferred gait. Each completed 2 ascending (W-R) and 2 descending (R-W) series of trials under three levels of loading (0%, 15% and 30% body weight). For each trial, participants locomoted for 60 s at each of 9 different speeds--4 speeds both above and below their preferred transition speed (PTS) plus their PTS. Evidence was sought for critical levels of key kinetic (maximum vertical force, impulse, first peak force, time to first peak force and maximum loading rate), energetic (oxygen consumption, transport cost) and mechanical variables (limb lengths, strength) predictive of the gait transition. Analyses suggested the kinetic variables of time to first peak force and loading rate as the most likely determinants of the W-R and R-W transitions. 相似文献
Neuropsychology Review - Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be associated with disability and cognitive impairment, but previous studies have sometimes had discordant... 相似文献
The purpose of this review is to synthesize the evidence and determine the efficacy of interventions based on family systems theory in diabetes-related family conflict, self-management, and glycemic control among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. A systematic search of five English databases was conducted. Interventions based on family systems theory in adolescents with type 1 diabetes that reported diabetes-related family conflict, self-management, and glycemic control as outcome variables were included. A total of 14 articles from ten interventions were included. Meta-analysis results revealed that, compared to adolescents who received usual care, adolescents who received family systems theory interventions reported fewer diabetes-related family conflicts with a medium effect size of 0.32 (p?<?0.05), but there was no significant improvement on self-management or glycemic control (p?>?0.05). Family systems theory interventions appear to have beneficial effect on reducing diabetes-related family conflicts for adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Adolescents who have type 1 diabetes and their families may need multidimensional psychosocial programs accompanied by diabetes education to improve glycemic control.