视觉恐惧加工的神经通路

对危险信号的快速警觉具有生物学意义,研究发现视觉恐惧信号可以经过两条不同的通路传达杏仁核:一条直接的皮层下通路,另一条是间接的视觉皮层通路.最近三年(2004-2006)一批脑成像和电生理研究对此进行了深入探讨.本文以此为基础对两条通路的主要神经结构,神经传递的先后过程以及它们间的关系进行了详细的综述.     

高校教师工作家庭关系的日记式追踪研究

本研究通过对30名高校教师连续14天的日记式追踪研究,探讨了工作家庭关系的特点及其与工作特征、性别等变量之间的关系.结果发现:1)工作家庭冲突与工作家庭促进主要受到个体内因素影响,具有动态变化特点;2)高校教师体验到的工作家庭冲突与工作家庭促进之间存在较弱的负相关;3)工作要求能正向预测工作家庭冲突,工作控制能负向预测工作家庭冲突,同时对工作家庭促进有正向预测作用;4)性别可以调节工作要求与工作家庭冲突之间的关系,对男教师来说,工作要求对工作家庭冲突的影响作用更小.     

农村留守儿童人格特征研究

留守儿童是我国社会转型期的产物,是新时期出现的特殊儿童群体.本文采用Y-G性格测验、学生团体主题统觉测验(G-TAT)和S-K克雷佩林心理测验方法,对江西玉山县242名农村留守儿童和一般儿童的人格发展进行调查,比较分析了留守儿童和一般儿童在人格特征方面存在差异,并从亲子关系角度尝试分析了导致这些人格特征差异的原因.     

全球一体与世界和谐

到今天为止的整个人类的历史是从分散的人群走向一体的世界和谐的历史.今天的人类应该追求世界一体化,但这种一体华应该是和谐主义的,而不应该是霸权主义的.世界走向和谐是世界各国利益的需要,也是人类整体生存、发展的需要.人类文明发展到今天,也为世界走向和谐提供了可能.首先,要增强整体意识,坚持世界中心主义、人类中心主义和博爱主义;其次,要强化世界组织的作用;第三,要扩大国际合作.     

试论斐洛的教育观

本文通过斐洛对人群的划分、对教育等级的设定以及其对教育历程的描述,系统考察了斐洛的教育观念和所谓的"预备性学习",探讨了斐洛眼中的希腊式百科学习在整个教育历程中的作用和局限.斐洛为希腊式教育设置了道德属性,使希腊因素融入希伯来文化之中,调和了希腊教育和犹太教育.本文还通过对斐洛教育观的散居语境的探讨,指出斐洛是如何通过教育观念表达犹太文化认同的.     

关于社会建设的内涵和外延——兼论当前中国社会建设的时代内容

在转变社会与自然、社会与个人付出双重代价的旧式现代性的发展方式,推进以人为本,把自然代价和社会代价减少到最低限度的新型现代性实践的过程中,社会建设发挥着不可替代的作用.社会建设的基本内涵可以理解为,在社会领域建立和完善对各种社会资源和社会机会进行合理配置的社会结构和社会机制,以及处理社会矛盾、社会问题和社会风险的创新机制.社会建设的外延从广义上说,是指包括政治、经济和思想文化各子系统在内的整个社会大系统的建设;从狭义上说,着重是指与政治、经济、思想文化各子系统并列的社会子系统的发展、建设和管理.社会建设对于弥补政府失灵和市场失灵、增进社会公平正义、奠定社会和谐的坚实基础,有着至关重要的意义.     

Visual pattern memory requires foraging function in the central complex of Drosophila

The role of the foraging (for) gene, which encodes a cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG), in food-search behavior in Drosophila has been intensively studied. However, its functions in other complex behaviors have not been well-characterized. Here, we show experimentally in Drosophila that the for gene is required in the operant visual learning paradigm. Visual pattern memory was normal in a natural variant rover (for(R)) but was impaired in another natural variant sitter (for(S)), which has a lower PKG level. Memory defects in for(S) flies could be rescued by either constitutive or adult-limited expression of for in the fan-shaped body. Interestingly, we showed that such rescue also occurred when for was expressed in the ellipsoid body. Additionally, expression of for in the fifth layer of the fan-shaped body restored sufficient memory for the pattern parameter "elevation" but not for "contour orientation," whereas expression of for in the ellipsoid body restored sufficient memory for both parameters. Our study defines a Drosophila model for further understanding the role of cGMP-PKG signaling in associative learning/memory and the neural circuit underlying this for-dependent visual pattern memory.     

Automatic evaluation of syntactic learners in typologically-different languages

Human syntax acquisition involves a system that can learn constraints on possible word sequences in typologically-different human languages. Evaluation of computational syntax acquisition systems typically involves theory-specific or language-specific assumptions that make it difficult to compare results in multiple languages. To address this problem, a bag-of-words incremental generation (BIG) task with an automatic sentence prediction accuracy (SPA) evaluation measure was developed. The BIG–SPA task was used to test several learners that incorporated n-gram statistics which are commonly found in statistical approaches to syntax acquisition. In addition, a novel Adjacency–Prominence learner, that was based on psycholinguistic work in sentence production and syntax acquisition, was also tested and it was found that this learner yielded the best results in this task on these languages. In general, the BIG–SPA task is argued to be a useful platform for comparing explicit theories of syntax acquisition in multiple languages.     

Quantum dynamics of human decision-making

A quantum dynamic model of decision-making is presented, and it is compared with a previously established Markov model. Both the quantum and the Markov models are formulated as random walk decision processes, but the probabilistic principles differ between the two approaches. Quantum dynamics describe the evolution of complex valued probability amplitudes over time, whereas Markov models describe the evolution of real valued probabilities over time. Quantum dynamics generate interference effects, which are not possible with Markov models. An interference effect occurs when the probability of the union of two possible paths is smaller than each individual path alone. The choice probabilities and distribution of choice response time for the quantum model are derived, and the predictions are contrasted with the Markov model.     

再论五台山申报世界遗产的思考与建议

遗产的真实与完整是世界遗产公约的核心,五台山申报世界遗产应注重科学化管理与保护性开发,该文对此提出了若干建议。