Open or close the door to the outgroup? Diversity beliefs moderate the impact of group boundary permeability on attitudes toward the outgroup

The present research investigated the moderating role of diversity beliefs with the aim of reconciling inconsistent findings regarding the impact of group boundary permeability on attitudes toward outgroup. In Study 1, all variables were measured with self‐report scales completed by Chinese participants. In Study 2, diversity beliefs were manipulated by randomly assigning Chinese participants to a high or low diversity belief condition. In Study 3, we replicated the moderating model with American participants. Results of all three studies indicated that diversity beliefs moderated the relationship between group boundary permeability and attitudes toward outgroup. Individuals with high diversity beliefs held more positive attitudes toward the outgroup when the group boundary was permeable (vs. impermeable). Conversely, individuals with low diversity beliefs held more negative attitudes toward the outgroup when the group boundary was permeable (vs. impermeable). These findings suggest that when the inflow of the outgroup members is inevitable, attitudes toward the outgroup may be effectively improved by increasing diversity beliefs.     

Counselor Supervision: A Comparison Across States and Jurisdictions

Counselor licensure portability models have focused primarily on academic training with only little discussion concerning postgraduate supervision. Using a qualitative content analysis, the authors analyzed the supervision rules and laws in all 53 licensing jurisdictions. The results of this study reflect the lack of a consistent set of supervision guidelines across all 53 jurisdictions. Further study and reflection on these results could lead to the development of a supervision model for postgraduate supervision.     

积极的情绪能否促进多媒体学习?基于元分析的视角

在多媒体学习中,越来越多的研究者开始探究通过教学设计诱发的积极情绪能否达到增进教学效果、促进学习的目的。但诱发的积极情绪究竟能否影响学习者的学习效果和主观感受,以往实证研究的结果仍存在争议。本研究采用元分析技术,探讨多媒体学习背景下诱发的情绪对学习者学习效果和主观感受的影响。研究共纳入文献21篇,在积极情绪、保持成绩、迁移成绩上分别生成了24个（2454人）、28个（2658人）和27个（2447人）独立效应量。结果发现：相对中性情绪组,积极情绪组的确表现出更高的积极情绪（d=0.64）,学习者的保持成绩（d=0.25）、迁移成绩（d=0.30）、心理努力（d=0.21）和学习满意度（d=0.42）也更高;诱发的情绪对多媒体学习的影响效果在一定程度上受积极情绪诱导方式、外诱材料类型、呈现步调、学习材料时长的调节。     

条件性恐惧泛化的性别差异

恐惧的过度泛化是焦虑障碍的核心症状之一, 表现为患者对与原危险刺激极不相似的中性刺激也有着较高强度的恐惧反应。临床上, 女性比男性更有可能患焦虑障碍, 因而对恐惧泛化进行性别差异研究可以为解释女性有着更高焦虑障碍发病率提供新的角度, 同时为临床治疗提供参考。本研究采用辨别性条件恐惧范式, 以主观预期值和皮电反应值作为测量指标, 从行为和生理两个层面对条件性恐惧泛化程度和恐惧泛化消退的性别差异进行研究。结果发现, 在恐惧泛化程度上, 未出现显著性别差异。在恐惧泛化消退上, 在主观预期值和皮电反应值两个层面均有着显著性别差异, 具体表现为相较于男性, 女性恐惧泛化的消退更慢, 持续时间更长。研究结果表明, 女性焦虑障碍高发病率的潜在影响因素之一可能在于女性对于恐惧泛化刺激的难以消除。     

人类工作记忆广度个体差异的机制

人类工作记忆广度个体差异的机制是研究者关注的一个热点问题,研究者在大量行为实验的基础上,提出了许多解释人类工作记忆广度存在个体差异的模型和理论:Daneman和Carpenter的资源分享模型;Towse和Hitch的任务转换假设;Engle及其同事提出的工作记忆广度的注意控制理论;Lustig的基于抑制的理论;以及Daily等人的资源激活模型。本文对这些模型和理论观点进行了论述、分析和评价,指出了以往研究存在的不足和未来研究应该注意的问题。     

参照系冲突对表象更新的影响

以三维场景图片为学习材料,通过系统操纵参照系之间的冲突,在四个实验中考察了两种不同表象更新任务的参照系冲突效应。结果发现：（1）参照系冲突对以自我为中心的表象更新有显著影响,但对以场景为中心的表象更新影响相对较小,从而导致以自我为中心表象更新相对于以场景为中心的表象更新的优势效应减小直至消失。（2）旋转者身体倾斜与场景倾斜引发的参照系冲突效应具有不对等性：由于整个场景倾斜引发的参照系冲突效应大于由于旋转者身体倾斜引发的参照系冲突效应。（3）与场景同时倾斜的局部空间参照系降低了以场景为中心表象更新任务的参照系冲突效应,但对以自我为中心表象更新任务的参照系冲突效应没有影响。这些结果表明两种表象更新任务具有不同的认知加工机制,并进一步扩展了Presson等提出的空间更新参照系冲突模型     

Action/Inaction and Regret: The Moderating Effect of Closeness1

Kahneman & Tversky (1982 ) demonstrated that actions are regretted more than inactions. It was conjectured that (a) when action shared the same closeness as inaction but was neither to approach nor to retreat the desired outcome, the action was seen as futile so that it would evoke stronger reactions of regret; and (b) closeness moderated the effect of action such that the effect was stronger when the acting target was closer to a good outcome, but weaker when the acting target was further away from a good outcome. A total of 5 regret‐triggering problems were presented to 150 undergraduates who rated actors' intensity of regret. The findings support that closeness is the moderator of the increased regret effect.     

帛书《昭力》易学观初探

帛书《易传》中的《昭力》篇虽然字效较少,但其结构完备,内涵清晰,属于帛书《易传》中十分具有特色的一篇释文。然而由于其篇末的字数标记,许多学者认为《昭力》与《缪和》属于一篇文章。亦有的学者认为《昭力》中论及“卿大夫”与“国君”,乃以《易》论政,属于政治论的范畴,不属于解《易》范畴。笔者通过研究《昭力》对卦爻辞的解读,认为《昭力》恰恰是一篇独立成章的解《易》文章,而且其所体现的是与帛书《易传》其他篇章不尽相同的解《易》理念,其“六经注我”的解释学理念也是我国典籍中出现较早的。《昭力》篇的研读对于我们认识孔子的政治论点与易学观念都有着十分积极的意义。     

Burnout and workplace deviance among flight attendants in Taiwan

The relationship between burnout and workplace deviance, identified as a component of job performance, was examined. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory which has three dimensions, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Reduced Personal Accomplishment. Workplace deviance was defined as voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and threatens the well-being of an organization, its members, or both. This was assessed with the Workplace Deviance Scale, measuring the extent to which the participants had engaged in workplace deviant behavior such as taking property from work without permission, making fun of someone at work, or cursing at someone at work. Anonymous questionnaires with stamped envelopes were distributed to a sample of 1,470 Taiwanese flight attendants at the Arrival Hall of Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. A response rate of 22.45% was obtained. After cases with missing data (n = 27) had been eliminated, the sample totaled 303, 17 men and 286 women. The average age was 28.7 yr. (SD = 4.6). Results of hierarchical regression showed that Depersonalization scores were significantly predictive of Workplace Deviance scores but not Emotional Exhaustion and Reduced Personal Accomplishment scores. Possible reasons and implications of these findings were discussed.     

出院精神病患者的职业康复

精神病患者出院后的职业康复研究是目前西方精神疾病康复研究的热点。通过帮助出院后症状稳定的精神病患者就业,来帮助患者获得技能,获取收入,增强自信和自我认同,提升生活质量,较好地回归社会。文章从总体上介绍了职业康复的研究现状与进展,并着重阐述了较新的支持性就业、个体支持性就业、工作社交技能训练和综合性支持性就业等方法,旨在为我国的相关研究提供参考