儿童中期攻击行为测评的多质多法分析

以2695名小学三、四年级的儿童(平均年龄 10.06 ± 0.54岁)作为被试, 使用同伴评定、同伴提名和教师评定对这些儿童的三种攻击行为(身体、言语、关系)进行了测评, 采用相关分析与结构方程模型对儿童攻击行为的多质多法数据进行统计处理。多质多法模型的分析结果显示, 三种方法对儿童攻击行为的测评具有一定的会聚效度, 但区分效度较低; 同伴测评儿童攻击行为的有效性优于教师测评, 其中同伴评定的有效性好于同伴提名。     

童年中晚期攻击的发展轨迹和性别差异：基于母亲报告的分析

采用母亲报告的方法, 对1618名儿童的攻击进行了4年(9岁~12岁)的追踪研究, 分析了童年中晚期攻击的一般发展轨迹、亚组发展轨迹以及性别差异。结果发现：(1)总体上, 童年中晚期儿童的攻击水平随年龄而下降。(2)基于亚组的准参数模型分析表明, 童年中晚期母亲报告的儿童攻击呈现三条不同的发展轨迹, 即无攻击轨迹、低攻击—下降轨迹以及持续高攻击轨迹, 各轨迹组人数比例分别约为68.7%、26.8%、4.5%。持续高攻击轨迹组以及低攻击—下降轨迹组的儿童在童年晚期均面临一定程度的人际适应困难。(3)多项Logit模型以及卡方检验表明, 男生更倾向于归属于攻击轨迹组(高或者低攻击轨迹组), 而女生更倾向于归属于无攻击轨迹组; 但这并不说明高攻击轨迹组中没有女生, 约2%的女生属于高攻击轨迹组。     

预先信息的不确定性与准备时间对任务切换的影响

为揭示任务切换中切换代价的本质, 考察了预先信息与准备时间对任务切换的影响, 结果发现: (1) 预先信息对任务切换有显著的影响效应, 全部信息的反应时和切换代价显著低于无信息和部分信息的反应时和切换代价, 而后二者之间无显著差异; (2) 预先信息的影响效应受到准备时间的调节作用, 在准备时间为100ms时, 预先信息无显著的影响效应, 而在准备时间达到600ms以后, 预先信息的准备效应显著。这说明, 预先信息影响的认知加工是任务设置重构, 并且这种影响效应受到准备时间的调节作用。     

工作特征对工作者的影响——要求-控制模型与工作要求-资源模型的比较

工作特征是指与工作相关的因素或属性, 它对工作者的身心健康有重要影响。通过对比研究发现, 虽然要求-控制模型(Demand-Control Model, 简称DC模型)将工作特征分为相对具体的工作要求、工作控制和社会支持, 工作要求-资源模型(Job Demands-Resources Model, 简称JD-R模型)则将工作特征划分为更为概括的工作要求和工作资源两个维度, 但是它们关注的结果变量都包含个体身心健康和组织工作绩效, 都强调了工作特征对工作者的影响。在今后的研究中, 应深入探讨不同职业中起关键作用的工作特征和不同资源与要求组合的作用, 进一步研究工作特征模型对不同特点个体和我国民众群体的适用性, 并尝试将研究成果应用于工作再设计的实践, 以促进工作者的职业健康。     

心理测验在人才测评中的应用

本文探讨了心理测验在人才测评中应用价值和存在的问题,讨论了科学的人才测评与心理测验的关系,期望可以科学的把心理测验应用到人才测评工作中,提高人才测评的有效性和可靠性。     

Post-training infusion of glutamate into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis enhanced inhibitory avoidance memory: An effect involving norepinephrine

This study examined an interaction between glutamate and norepinephrine in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in modulating affective memory formation. Male Wistar rats with indwelling cannulae in the BNST were trained on a one-trial step-through inhibitory avoidance task and received pre- or post-training intra-BNST infusion of glutamate, norepinephrine or their antagonists. Results of the 1-day test indicated that post-training intra-BNST infusion of dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) impaired retention in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while infusion of glutamate had an opposite effect. Co-infusion of 0.2 μg glutamate and 0.02 μg norepinephrine resulted in marked retention enhancement by summating non-apparent effects of the two drugs given at a sub-enhancing dose. The amnesic effect of 5.0 μg APV was ameliorated by 0.02 μg norepinephrine, while the memory enhancing effect of 1.0 μg glutamate was attenuated by 5.0 μg propranolol. These findings suggest that training on an inhibitory avoidance task may alter glutamate neurotransmission, which by activating NMDA receptors releases norepinephrine to modulate memory formation via β adrenoceptors in the BNST.     

Implicit Perception and Level of Processing in Object-Substitution Masking

ABSTRACT— Object-substitution masking (OSM) refers to reduced target discrimination when the target is surrounded by a sparse mask that does not overlap with the target in space but trails it in time. In four experiments, we used a novel paradigm to investigate the extent of processing of a masked target in OSM. We measured response-compatibility effects between target and mask, both when the offsets were simultaneous and when the offset of the mask was delayed. Evidence for both OSM and a dissociation between perception and awareness was found when detecting the match between the target and the mask required feature but not categorical analyses. Our results suggest that the locus of disruption in OSM is likely to be beyond feature analysis of the unreported target.     

应当如何正确对待"马克思学"这个术语?

国内学界目前出现的为"马克思学"正名的运动既存在"是"也存在"非".问题的关键不在于是否要进行术语考辨,而在于是否以正确的方式开展这种考辨.从学术史上看,"马克思学"术语具有明确的意识形态内涵,不能无条件地套用.在国内学界,它已经得到某种程度的正名.     

On the modelling and estimation of attribute rankings with ties in the Thurstonian framework

A Thurstonian type approach is applied to modelling ranking data with ties. It uses a non‐totally differentiable discriminational process instead of the conventional totally differential one to relate the observed rankings and the underlying subjective values. A Monte Carlo expectation–maximization algorithm is proposed to find the maximum likelihood estimates together with the standard errors of the parameters. The approach is examined numerically by means of an artificial example and a simulation study and is applied to a study of attribute assessment.     

基于反应时范式的内隐社会认知研究方法

三种新的内隐社会认知研究方法－－IAT、GNAT和EAST,这些方法采用反应竞争任务,考察概念间的联结强度。IAT通过对个体在不同任务上的操作,考察不同目标与属性间的联系、GNAT考察某一特定对象和评价间的联系;EAST考察被试在一个任务上的操作来推断个体对目标的评价。