史前海岱社会太阳崇信观念之演进历程及文化人类学意义

史前时期海岱地区的东夷先民有浓烈的太阳崇拜情结,并与鸟信仰有一定程度的结合,其表现载体主要有刻划于陶器之上的图案纹饰及具有仿生意义的器物。从北辛文化和大汶口文化早期易懂直白的太阳纹,大汶口文化中期流行的八角星纹,到中期偏晚时段盛行的具有鸟类象征意义的陶鬶,直至龙山时代的鸟喙形鼎足,可以清晰窥见海岱地区新石器时代太阳崇信观念之演进历程,并探知其中所蕴涵的文化人类学意义。     

不同心理一致感初中生对压力的态度激活研究

该研究采用不同加工任务的间接测量方法,探讨不同心理一致感水平初中生对压力的外显认知倾向和内隐态度激活程度。结果表明:1)初中生较为稳定的积极认识和反应倾向在他们关于压力的外显认知加工中起了更为显著的作用;2)不同加工方式的虚惊率差异表明存在着初中生对压力情境的内隐态度,且这种无意识认知较为消极。     

负性情绪对压抑遗忘记忆的影响

该实验使用Think/No-think(T/NT)任务,从外显和内隐记忆两个方面探讨负性情绪、测试时间对压抑遗忘的影响。实验结果表明:在外显记忆成绩中情绪与T/NT任务的交互作用显著,在NT条件下中性词回忆的成绩优于负性词,同时,情绪的主效应显著,被试对中性词的记忆显著高于负性词。但是T/NT任务的主效应不显著,情绪×T/NT任务×测试时间的交互不显著。在内隐记忆成绩中,在所有条件下的记忆成绩均无显著性差异。     

Dividing lines at the word boundary position helps reading in Chinese

Unlike in English, the Chinese printing and writing systems usually do not respect a word boundary when they split lines; thus, characters belonging to a word can be on two different lines. In this study, we examined whether dividing a word across two lines interferes with Chinese reading and found that reading times were shorter when characters belonging to a word were on a single line rather than on adjacent lines. Eye movement data indicated that gaze durations in a region around the word boundary were longer and fixations were closer to the beginnings and ends of the lines when words were split across lines. These results suggest that words are processed as a whole in Chinese reading, so that word boundaries should be respected when deciding how to split lines in the Chinese writing system. They also suggest that the length of return sweeps in reading can be cognitively guided.     

题库优化设计的回顾与展望

题库优化设计是指在题库建立前确定一份最佳的题库开发蓝图,使题库更好地服务于组卷。目前,在线性计算机化测验的情景下,题库优化设计方法主要包括：线性规划法、成本函数法;在计算机适应性测验（CAT）情境下,题库设计方法主要包括：影子测验设计法、p-优化设计法。文中首先介绍这些优化设计法的基本思路、具体步骤与相关的应用研究,然后评述当前题库设计研究的局限,指出未来的可能研究方向。     

中文书写者字迹识别的眼动研究

采用眼动技术,以不同整体书写风格的字迹为实验材料,探讨中文字迹识别的眼动模式。实验结果显示：随着整体书写风格一致性的变化,被试识别不同书写者中文字迹的反应时、注视次数,眼跳次数,兴趣区数及落入兴趣区的比率均表现出显著性差异。结论：（1）识别中文字迹依赖字迹整体书写风格;（2）中文字迹识别模式：在识别字迹时,优先采用字迹整体书写风格识别不同的字迹;（3）中文字迹识别属于图像识别加工。     

听觉通道下负数的低水平加工引起注意的SNARC效应

采用刺激探测任务,探讨了听觉通道下负数的低水平加工能否引起注意的SNARC效应。结果表明:(1)负数的低水平加工能够产生注意的SNARC效应,即线索为绝对值小的负数时,被试对左耳目标反应更快;线索为绝对值大的负数时,被试对右耳目标反应更快。(2)负数的加工所引起听觉空间注意的转移并不依赖于负数所在的情境,而仅通过其绝对值大小与空间表征发生关联。这一结论与视觉条件下所得到的结论不一致,并支持了系统发生论假说。     

语境、意向与意义——兼评塞尔的意向性意义理论

塞尔在其前期理论把语言的意义归之于言语行为,特别是交流意向,但在其后期理论则把意义归结为表征意向,而交流意向派生于表征意向,甚至割断了意义和交流之间的联系。笔者通过引入语境因素和指称意向的概念,澄清了语境、意向和意义之间的关系,使塞尔具有私人性的表征意向和交流意向具有一定的公共性,以此扭转塞尔理论中的心理主义趋向,回归到弗雷格的反心理主义的语义学进路。     

Memory deficits for non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI) is one of the clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the characteristics of memory deficits in naMCI as assessed by clinical neuropsychological evaluations are not clear. In this study, a battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to 122 cognitively normal controls (NC), 133 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients, and 72 naMCI patients. The results showed that in individuals with naMCI, episodic memory, and other cognitive domains were impaired. The Prospective Memory Test (PMT) event-based prospective memory (EBPM), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) Accidental Memory, Stick test (ST) visuoconstructional memory, and ST Working Memory were impaired, yet did not reach the level of aMCI. Semantic memory was affected to a degree comparable with aMCI. Some functions like Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) recognition, and Judgment of Confidence (JOC) were maintained, as well as PMT Time-Based Prospective Memory (TBPM). This study verified that memory impairment among individuals with naMCI was mainly in memory functions mediated by the frontotemporal cortex.     

The effect of a delayed weekend sleep pattern on sleep and morning functioning

Abstract

It is a common practice for young adults to delay their weekend sleep schedule. The present study was designed to assess the effect of this sleep pattern on the sleep of Sunday night and the functioning of Monday morning. The sleep schedules of 30 young adults were manipulated for 2 consecutive weeks. In the Habitual-Sleep (HS) week, subjects followed their habitual sleep schedule throughout the week; in the Delayed-Sleep (DS) week, subjects' sleep schedule on Friday and Saturday nights were delayed by two hours. Compared to the HS week, subjects showed significantly lower subjective sleepiness near bedtime and trends of longer sleep onset latency on Sunday night in the DS week. In addition, there was both lowered cognitive performance and overall mood rating on Monday morning in the DS week. The delayed weekend sleep pattern contributes to Sunday night insomnia and the Monday morning “blues”.