欧洲公地制度的政治学遗产

中世纪的欧洲公地共同体公共事务的管理,一定程度上体现着民主、平等和法治的精神:民主精神体现在共同体全体成员广泛直接参与庄园法庭和村民会议的立法、决策、司法活动以及选举和担任共同事务管理者;平等精神体现于共同体成员公共权利价值的平等、在村规面前的平等;在管理共同事务的资格方面的平等。法治精神体现于法律至上、法律面前人人平等、重视法律程序。民主平等法治精神,是公地制度留给后世的政治学遗产。     

从海克尔论“真正的基督教”说起

海克尔在《宇宙之谜》*第十七章"科学和基督教"中除了破题指出科学和基督教之间的矛盾日益尖锐化,是动荡的十九世纪的显著特征之一外,     

敦煌变文疑难俗语词考释

本文运用排比归纳、文献与方言互证等方法,考释了敦煌变文中"度意"、"度行坛"、"度我他人"、"傍行檀"、"旁箕"等五条疑难俗语词。这些俗语词有的始见于唐代,有的还活在现代方言中。本文或抉发其古义,或辨正其旧说,或探明其语源,对有关俗文学作品的解读、古籍整理以及大型辞书的编撰和修订都有所裨益。     

《文子》的养生之道和尊生思想及其当代意义

一、养生的最高境界———和养生之道的最高境界是达到“和”的状态。养生得和是在与外物交接中保持内心平和,静默恬淡,做到物欲与情欲不患于心,神、形、气、物兼养而不伤的自身和谐的理想境界。养者,养神为本,养形为末。本者,天也,根也,原也;末者,逐也,随也。养神与养形互为本     

《哲学的贫困》中的价值形式问题

马克思对价值形式的初步系统阐释可以追溯到《哲学的贫困》,虽然只是论战性的概述。作为观念论哲学的推崇者,蒲鲁东醉心"发明"各种"科学公式",用"建议""意见""自由意志"等观念间的推演来解释价值形式的二重性与矛盾性,诉诸虚构的历史来描述所谓构成价值的基本内涵、决定因素、形成过程及现实应用。马克思从批判这些"变戏法"出发,揭示了构成价值的实质与矛盾,指出它无非是相对价值的"另类表达"且漠视建立在阶级对抗基础上的经济事实,故而不能适用于解释金银成为货币的经济原因、证实凡劳动必有剩余的定理。马克思此时的价值形式理论看似尚未超过李嘉图价值理论,实则在方法上尤其是尝试解决剩余价值问题方面实现了飞跃。相形之下,蒲鲁东的构成价值论虽由于旨在解决工人的贫困状况而具有部分进步意义,却终究无法摆脱沦为工人遭受现代奴役之公式从而被历史遗弃的命运。     

宗教本质新论

本文对现代意义上的宗教学诞生以来的各种宗教本质观作了回顾，着重探讨了对我国学界影响较大的几种宗教本质观之间的分歧及其各自的理论缺陷，提出了＂宗教是一种特殊形态的精神货币，宗教起源于人类为满足自己物质和精神需要所进行的人与异己力量之间的特殊的交换活动＂的宗教本质观与宗教起源说。并对宗教的核心─－信仰问题发表了独到的见解，认为，宗教的本质是中性的，无褒贬之分，宗教的积极意义与消极意义是宗教与政治挂钩的产物。     

目标拾取运动特性研究

对人体的目标拾取运动特性进行了研究,提出截止目标疋度的概念,推导目标拾取运动的时间计算方程,重新定义了难度指数,试验数据表明该计算方程对目标拾取运动能够给予较好的描述。     

Chinese Responses to Modernization: A Psychological Analysis

In the last one hundred plus years, China, under the impact of modernization, has undergone the most significant change in the past 5,000 years. Modernization is a continuous process of protest and change. At each stage of modernization, outcomes may be regarded as the result of complex strategies and responses to those demands. This paper will address the strategies and responses that Chinese have adopted in their attempt to deal with the pressure and challenge of modernization. As a background to understanding these strategies and responses, the following four perspectives will be delineated. First, my perspective is mainly at the micro level, but I will occasionally shift to the macro level when needed. Second, my analyses will largely rely on results from empirical research. They will be supplemented by daily-life observations and appropriate conceptual or theoretical analyses. Third, Chinese intellectuals have been playing a guiding role of enlightenment, criticism, and promotion and their responses have been influential in formulating, directing, or channeling the views of the general public. A comprehensive analysis of relevant ideologies and strategies endorsed by Chinese intellectuals will be provided. Finally, the analysis of Chinese responses to modernization will be based upon the relevant literature from all the three major Chinese societies (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China). In addition, this paper will clarify the basic modes and specific mechanisms of adaptation to drastic environmental changes. They will be applied as conceptual tools for the analysis of Chinese intellectuals' ideological responses to modernization and psychological processes involved in accommodating cognitive and behavioral changes in their daily lives.     

Visual inertia of rotating 3-D objects

Five experiments were designed to determine whether a rotating, transparent 3-D cloud of dots (simulated sphere) could influence the perceived direction of rotation of a subsequent sphere. Experiment 1 established conditions under which the direction of rotation of a virtual sphere was perceived unambiguously. When a near-far luminance difference and perspective depth cues were present, observers consistently saw the sphere rotate in the intended direction. In Experiment 2, a near-far luminance difference was used to create an unambiguous rotation sequence that was followed by a directionally ambiguous rotation sequence that lacked both the near-far luminance cue and the perspective cue. Observers consistently saw the second sequence as rotating in the same direction as the first, indicating the presence of 3-D visual inertia. Experiment 3 showed that 3-D visual inertia was sufficiently powerful to bias the perceived direction of a rotation sequence made unambiguous by a near-far luminance cue. Experiment 5 showed that 3-D visual inertia could be obtained using an occlusion depth cue to create an unambiguous inertia-inducing sequence. Finally, Experiments 2, 4, and 5 all revealed a fast-decay phase of inertia that lasted for approximately 800 msec, followed by an asymptotic phase that lasted for periods as long as 1,600 msec. The implications of these findings are examined with respect to motion mechanisms of 3-D visual inertia.