作为创世论的存在论

一、存在论换位自然的存在必然是如此这般的,一切别无选择就不会产生思想问题。自由意味着可以选择的多种可能性,因此,自由就是不自然。如果说事物是自然而然的(to be as it is),那么,自由所为之事就是使存在不自然(to be as it is not)。万物的存在性质是"平凡"(这是张盾的深刻见识[参见张盾,第352页]),而万事的存在性质却是奇迹,即使是人人习以为常的事情,比如购物或者上网,在存在论上都是奇迹(相比之下,谋杀并非奇迹,而是平凡的,尽管谋杀的原因可能是不平凡的)。人类     

史前海岱社会太阳崇信观念之演进历程及文化人类学意义

史前时期海岱地区的东夷先民有浓烈的太阳崇拜情结,并与鸟信仰有一定程度的结合,其表现载体主要有刻划于陶器之上的图案纹饰及具有仿生意义的器物。从北辛文化和大汶口文化早期易懂直白的太阳纹,大汶口文化中期流行的八角星纹,到中期偏晚时段盛行的具有鸟类象征意义的陶鬶,直至龙山时代的鸟喙形鼎足,可以清晰窥见海岱地区新石器时代太阳崇信观念之演进历程,并探知其中所蕴涵的文化人类学意义。     

Dividing lines at the word boundary position helps reading in Chinese

Unlike in English, the Chinese printing and writing systems usually do not respect a word boundary when they split lines; thus, characters belonging to a word can be on two different lines. In this study, we examined whether dividing a word across two lines interferes with Chinese reading and found that reading times were shorter when characters belonging to a word were on a single line rather than on adjacent lines. Eye movement data indicated that gaze durations in a region around the word boundary were longer and fixations were closer to the beginnings and ends of the lines when words were split across lines. These results suggest that words are processed as a whole in Chinese reading, so that word boundaries should be respected when deciding how to split lines in the Chinese writing system. They also suggest that the length of return sweeps in reading can be cognitively guided.     

跨期选择的认知机制与神经基础

跨期选择是指个体对发生在不同时间的成本与收益进行权衡的决策过程。跨期选择的计算模型从经济学的角度用数学模型来建构时间折扣函数,而认知成分模型则从心理学的角度来研究跨期选择中的心理效应与认知成分。跨期选择的神经基础有三种不同的研究取向：双机制加工取向、单机制加工取向、自我控制取向。未来研究应该在跨期选择的认知机制、神经通路及运行机制、跨期选择的应用,以及从进化的角度对人与动物的跨期选择行为进行更深入的研究。     

听觉通道下负数的低水平加工引起注意的SNARC效应

采用刺激探测任务,探讨了听觉通道下负数的低水平加工能否引起注意的SNARC效应。结果表明:(1)负数的低水平加工能够产生注意的SNARC效应,即线索为绝对值小的负数时,被试对左耳目标反应更快;线索为绝对值大的负数时,被试对右耳目标反应更快。(2)负数的加工所引起听觉空间注意的转移并不依赖于负数所在的情境,而仅通过其绝对值大小与空间表征发生关联。这一结论与视觉条件下所得到的结论不一致,并支持了系统发生论假说。     

语境、意向与意义——兼评塞尔的意向性意义理论

塞尔在其前期理论把语言的意义归之于言语行为,特别是交流意向,但在其后期理论则把意义归结为表征意向,而交流意向派生于表征意向,甚至割断了意义和交流之间的联系。笔者通过引入语境因素和指称意向的概念,澄清了语境、意向和意义之间的关系,使塞尔具有私人性的表征意向和交流意向具有一定的公共性,以此扭转塞尔理论中的心理主义趋向,回归到弗雷格的反心理主义的语义学进路。     

Memory deficits for non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment

Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI) is one of the clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the characteristics of memory deficits in naMCI as assessed by clinical neuropsychological evaluations are not clear. In this study, a battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to 122 cognitively normal controls (NC), 133 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients, and 72 naMCI patients. The results showed that in individuals with naMCI, episodic memory, and other cognitive domains were impaired. The Prospective Memory Test (PMT) event-based prospective memory (EBPM), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) Accidental Memory, Stick test (ST) visuoconstructional memory, and ST Working Memory were impaired, yet did not reach the level of aMCI. Semantic memory was affected to a degree comparable with aMCI. Some functions like Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) recognition, and Judgment of Confidence (JOC) were maintained, as well as PMT Time-Based Prospective Memory (TBPM). This study verified that memory impairment among individuals with naMCI was mainly in memory functions mediated by the frontotemporal cortex.     

Friction and wear behaviour of Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting after heat treatments

ABSTRACT

The effect of heat treatments (solution and double aging) on friction and wear behaviour of Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) were studied. After heat treatment of solution and double aging, the friction and wear of the alloy have been improved. The worn surfaces of heat-treated IN718 alloy became smoother, and micro-ploughing became shallower. After solid solution hearting, a portion of the Laves phase ((Ni, Fe, Co)₂(Nb, Ti, Mo)) dissolves into the matrix, after which the γ″ phase (Ni₃Nb) andthe equilibrium phase of the δ phase (Ni₃Nb) precipitates during double ageing. After solution and double aging, nano-scale γ′ (Ni₃(Al, Ti)) and γ″ phases distribute homogeneously in the matrix, which improves the material hardness and wear resistance of the SLMed IN718 alloy.     

Structure of Al–Co–Ni pentagonal quasicrystal studied by HAADF-STEM and ab initio calculations

Using a combination of atomic-resolution high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) Z-contrast imaging and ab initio calculations, atomic models of clusters 2 nm in diameter and 0.8 nm in height are proposed for the Al–Co–Ni pentagonal quasicrystal. This quasicrystal has 5-fold symmetry (the so-called 5f state) without superstructures, and is one of numerous modifications of the Al–Co–Ni decagonal quasicrystal. HAADF results reveal that the two-dimensional quasi-periodic lattice contains mainly Penrose pentagonal tiling. The centres within the decorated pentagonal tiles, i.e. the so-called pentagonal super-clusters, show structural characteristics having both a satellite-orbit shape and a pentagon-symmetry shape. The proposed atomic models, based directly on the HAADF images, are subjected to ab initio total energy calculations. After relaxation, the calculations demonstrate that the models with 5-fold symmetry are energetically more favourable than those with 10-fold symmetry.     

TEM observation of the restrained Goss–Brass orientation transformation in a warm-rolled Fe–28Mn–6Si–5Cr shape memory alloy

A dominant Goss texture component instead of a Brass texture component has been observed in a warm-rolled Fe–28Mn–6Si–5Cr shape memory alloy [H. Li, F. Yin, T. Sawaguchi K. Ogawa, X. Zhao and K. Tsuzaki, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 494 (2008) p.217]. In order to clarify the orientation flow mechanism in these grains of Goss orientation, investigations on microtexture and microstructure were carried out by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is concluded that the Goss–Brass orientation transformation is restrained in the Goss-orientated grains, which were widely observed in both the deformed matrix and shear bands.